Vol 17, No 1 (2022)

The review article presents the material analyzing and summarizing the information about the localization, ultramicroscopic structure, functions and significance in pathological processes of newly discovered cells - telocytes. The information about molecular markers of telocytes are considered. The questions about the tissue belonging of these cells are discussed, the relevance of studying their role in the development of pathological processes in different organs is emphasized. The analysis of literature data was carried out taking into account the fundamental provisions of the doctrine of the cell-differon organization of tissues.

The coronavirus infection (COVID-19), an acute viral disease with predominant affection of the upper respiratory tract, is a challenge for modern medicine. Considering the fact that in the pathogenesis of coronavirus pneumonia there is violation of the immune response (hyper-response, cytokine storm) the drugs that locally regulate it may be promising in the pneumonia treatment. Biological activity of exosomes is widely investigated in the world. Small extracellular vesicles of mesenchymal cells have the following effects: anti-apoptotic, proliferation stimulation, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory. Objective: to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the method of inhalation administration of small extracellular vesicles in bilateral pneumonia caused by a new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection. To study these effects an interventional, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study has been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of inhaled small extracellular vesicles administration to the patients with bilateral pneumonia caused by the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2. Altogether 36 patients with confirmed new coronavirus infection COVID-19, complicated by bilateral pneumonia of moderate severity (12 patients each in study groups 1 and 2, depending on the type of given small extracellular vesicles, and the control group) participated in the study. Small extracellular vesicles were inhaled twice a day in the dose of 2-10х1010 particles. The efficacy and safety of the method were assessed judging by the patients' general state, assessment of the disease severity, general and biochemical blood tests, coagulogram, saturation, CT scan of the lungs before and after 1 0 days of treatment. The observation period was 30 days after hospitalization. During the study the safety of the method was proved, all the patients recovered. Reliable differences of the blood CRP index, which normalized by day 10 of treatment in groups 1 and 2, but remained elevated in the control group. No significant differences were found in other assessed parameters.

In breast cancer, the predictive value of tumor microenvironment parameters differs depending on the molecular subtype. Multidirectional significance may be reflection of heterogeneity of invasive breast carcinoma and requires further study. Significance of the tumor microenvironment in the formation and determination of the properties of various morphological structures is still not fully understood. The aim of the study is to determine the differences in the expression profile of the microenvironment of various morphological structures of breast cancer. 84 patients with breast cancer (T1-3N0-3M0) were included in the study of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes level in microenvironment of different morphological structures. Microdissected samples of the microenvironment of different morphological structures sequenced using NextSeq500 (Illumina). CIBERSORT analysis was performed to deciphered the cellular composition of the microenvironment of each type of the structures. The microenvironment of all morphological structures was quite diverse in terms of cellular composition. The microenvironment of the single tumor cells exhibits pronounced pro-tumor properties, including expression of the IL1B gene, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, increased signature of M2 macrophages. The results shown the role of the microenvironment of single tumor cells in breast cancer distant metastasis.

The article presents data on the regeneration of the auricle tissues of Acomys cahirinus mice (n=12) and Balb/c mice (n=12). Two experimental models were used: a full-thickness perforated defect with a diameter of 3 mm and subtotal removal of the auricle. Macrophotography and histological examination using general histological stains and detection of elastic fibers were performed after 2, 5, 15, 21, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. It was found that regeneration in Acomys is more pronounced, which manifested itself in the complete elimination of the defect by 30-60 days in contrast to the control (Balb/c). A feature of this was less pronounced post-traumatic inflammation in Acomys mice. It was established the growth of a full-fledged auricle in case of its surgical removal. An important feature of regeneration in this case is the development of new cartilage tissue both from the edges of the original cartilage and developed in the form of separate islands of cartilage tissue. The newly formed cartilage was characterized by high cel-lularity, a smaller volume of the matrix, in the structure of which elastic fibers were formed. However, it should be noted that within 30-60 days. the recovery process, apparently, is not completed, the formed tissue regenerate enters the remodeling phase.