Vol 10, No 2 (2015)

The biology of cancer stem cells (CSC) has been investigated and debated for past 20 years. Owning to their exceptional plasticity and the complexity of controlled processes CSC inspire the development of new research techniques for cell isolation and targeted therapy. This review is an attempt to summarize recent data and trends in the field of cancer stem cells and discuss potential and weaknesses of new research techniques

One of the intensively developing approaches to the treatment of oncologic diseases is directed (targeted) radionuclide therapy. Radionuclide therapy avoids the side effects associated with external beam therapy. Furthermore, it is possible to combine the processes instrumental diagnostics and radiotherapy (theranostics), which leads to personalize the treatment regimen for each individual patient. in this review, we discuss the fundamentals of targeted radionuclide therapy, including the characteristics of the radionuclides and biomolecular targeting moieties information on the targeted radionuclide therapy drugs for approved for clinical use is provided. Prospects and limitations of the targeted radionuclide therapy and their implementation in clinical practice are discussed

A creation of personalized constructions for tissue engineering of bone tissue is very perspective biomedical technological trend. An aim of our work was studying physicochemical characteristics, cyto- and biocompatibility of 3D printed constructions based on sodium alginate and three calcium phosphates species (tricalcium phosphates, carbonated hydroxyapatite, and octacalcium phosphate). The methods of 3D constructions producing included 3D printing of components with crosslinking agent (CaCl2), their freezing, sublimation, “forced shrinkage”, γ-ray sterilization (15 kGr). A structure of 3D constructions, their porosity and strength characteristics were studied. The cytocompatibility of 3D constructions and matrix-for-cell properties were investigated in vivo on a model of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line by means of MTT assay. The biocompatibility of 3D constructions was studied on the model of subcutaneous implantation in mice up to 12 weeks Using scanning electron microscopy it was found that all 3 types of constructions have a lamellar structure of alginate component with spherical inclusions of calcium phosphate Total porosity of species was 54,5-63,9%. Calcium phosphates in the constructions reserved initial phase composition Compressive strength of 3D constructions depended on inorganic component and was 1,8-3,7 MPa with ultimate strain 12,3-12,6%. All types of 3D constructions were cytocompatible in vitro, demonstrated good matrix-forcells properties, and had supported cell proliferation for 2 weeks. in results of subcataneous in vivo test all constructions demonstrated biocompatibility with slow bioresorption of organic and inorganic components. Received data proved the promising outlook for further improvement of 3D printing and investigations of described 3D constructions as osteoplastic materials

An actual task of current oncology is the search for the structures, enabling to selectively affect the tumor stem cells, on the expansion rate of those the activity of oncologic process depends. Perspective in this aspect is the use of nanostructures selectively recognizing and inactivating tumor stem cells. In the research there was studied the effect of synthesized hybrid nanocomplexes based on nanoparticles of rare earth orthovanadates GdYV04:Eu3+, cholesterol and hydrophobic luminescent stain Dil on functional activity of Ehrlich carcinoma cells and expression in them of nanog, oct-4, sox-2 genes After pre-treatment of Ehrlich carcinoma cells with nanocomplexes there was shown an inhibition of tumor growth in vivo due to inactivation of the most carcinogenic CD44hi cells, which was accompanied with the reduced expression rate of the studied genes in total pool of cells The findings contribute to the understanding of the effect mechanisms of orthovanadates and open the prospects to apple new forms of nanocomposites in treatment of oncology diseases

In this study, the double expression cassette plasmid, based on pBudCE4 1 vector encoding transcription factors S0X2 and 0CT4 was constructed using standard gene engineering techniques. Expression of recombinant genes was confirmed by immunoblotting. It is shown that genetic modification of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC), isolated from human third molar tooth germs, with resulting recombinant plasmid increases the level of expression both, transcription factors S0X2 and OCT4 in the treated cells, and also transcription factor NAN0G. Analysis of histological sections of subcutaneous Matrigel implants, containing fluorescently labeled MMSC, showed that genetic modification had no effect on cell viability

0ne of the modern approaches for cancer treatment is based on the application of immunotherapy using activated cytotoxic lymphocytes. Search of methodological approaches for the preparation of activated lymphocytes in vitro is relevant. As a result of this study, the method for activation and culturing of lymphocytes for cancer patients have been perfected using cytokine IL-2 and IL-15. Peripheral mononuclear cells of cancer patients were culture using two different mediums based on RPMi-1640 with IL-2 for 10 days and X-vivo20 supplemented with IL-2 and IL-15 for 14 days. The expression of activation markers (CD38, CD69, CD25, HLA-DR and CD314) and subpopulations of lymphocytes were evaluated by the method of flow cytometry every 2 days. The expression of activation markers of lymphocytes increased after 3 days of culture in the first medium and after 5 days in the second one. We revealed that the activation of lymphocytes was faster in medium based on RPMI with IL-2, but the proliferation and viability of lymphocytes were lower than in the second medium. The culture medium based on RPMI with IL-2 can be recommended for more quickly obtaining of lymphokine-activated killer cells. The medium based on X-vivo20 with a combination of IL-2 and IL-15 can be recommended for a longer cultivation of lymphocytes and for escalating of lymphokine-activated killer cells. it has been shown that the combination of cytokines IL-2 and IL-15 not only has a positive influence on the proliferation activity of the lymphocytes and the expression of activation markers, but also on their viability.

Since modern scanning electron microscopes are capable of low-vacuum mode and back-scattered electron detection, no other sample preparation, except for heavy metal staining, is necessary. Rare earth chlorides were used as contrast agents to study ocular tissues, cell cultures, and small invertebrates. It has been shown that supravital lanthanoid staining, if adjusted to meet the requirements of modern technology, significantly increases contrast of back-scattered electron images along with their informative value. Not only the microrelief but also internal structures (5-10 μm beneath the surface) of the samples can be visualized without 'classical' sample preparation. Selective accumulation of lantanoids in cell membranes is likely to be due to their binding to calcium ATPases. The developed method of lanthanoid staining enables the use of scanning electron microscopy for subsurface examination of biological objects