Vol 10, No 1 (2015)

The paper analyzes the achievements and prospects of creating implantable cell- and tissue-engineering designs (CEDs and TEDs) of auxiliary liver to treat liver failure. Emphasizes the need to maintenance long-term and steady function of implantable CEDs and TEDs at the treatment of liver failure, by forming in them de novo hepatospecific structures and transformation of these structures in the new centers of restorative regeneration of damaged liver. CEDs and TEDs acquire these properties due to inclusion in their designs small-differentiated cells: liverspecific cells (parenchymal and non-parenchymal), cells, committed in hepatoid direction and bone marrow cells, adherent to the biocompatible and biodegradable 3D-material, simulating the properties of the extracellular matrix The article analyzes the advantages, disadvantages and prospects for using the major groups of matrices materials (biological, synthetic,inclusive biopolymer and tissue-specific composite materials, obtained by liver decellularization). Indicates that the biopolymer materials occupy a preferred place among biodegradable scaffolds as have not only biocompatible, but also the properties of biostimulants. Since the production of the TEDs requires the provision of adequate stereotypical distribution of different types of cells in the matrix is paid great attention to the production of micro-scale, medium-scale and large-scale TEDs of auxiliary liver. However, points out that none of the problems of producing TEDs liver (choice of sources and technologies to produce small-differentiated cells, the selection matrix and technology of cell-sowing, the choice of assembly technology TEDs) can not be considered definitively settled

EF-hand Са2+/Мд2+-binding proteins are involved in many important processes in the body. Identification and analysis of the EF-hand motifs in the genome led to the discovery of novel Ca2+-binding proteins, which are potentially useful for biomedical applications. One of such molecules is tescalcin - 24 kDa protein with one EF-hand motif. Tescalcin plays an important role in differentiation of hematopoietic cells by regulating the expression of Ets family transcription factors via PMA-induced ERK-pathway. At the molecular level, it was shown to interact with subunit 4 of signalosome COP9 and Na+/H+-exchanger. Recently a potential use of tescalcin for cancer diagnostics was demonstrated

To study the possibility of application different materials during plastic surgery of the middle ear structures with background of purulent infection experimental model with cranial bone defects replacement was utilized. As the object of the experiment 17 rabbits «Chinchilla» were used. All animals underwent surgery with formation of artificial defects in parietal bones (diameter of 7 mm) followed by simultaneous grafting. Following the implantation of plastic materials animals underwent standard antibacterial and local anti-inflammatory therapy For the plastic of parietal bone defects at rabbits were used and studied: autologous plates from the parietal bone and the iliac crest, auricle's autologous cartilage plates, demineralized bone implants (DBI), derived with technology of producing osteoplastic material «Perfoost» (CITO) from cortical long bones, rabbit's auricle autologous cartilage preserved in 0. 2% thymol solution, synthetic plastic material, comprising a hydroxyapatite and antibiotic - “Collapan-D” and osteoplastic composite material obtained by adhesion of the autologous chips from iliac crest and the parietal bone of rabbits with fibrin bond “Byo-Glu”. Timing of the experiment consisted of 15 and 30 days, 3 and 6 months By 3 months of the experiment organotypical callus were obtained in cases of application pure autologous tissues (plates from rabbit's parietal and the iliac crest and, as well, as auricle's autologous cartilage plates) Similar results were obtained in the cases with DBI “Perfoost” and allogenic rabbit's auricle cartilage preserved in 0. 2% thymol solution. In the defects filled with “Collapan-D” and combined osteoplastic material with fibrin glue «Byo-Glu» at 6 months of the experiment most part of the material was resorbed and partially replaced by newly formed bone alternating with areas of connective tissue and remnants of implants

Carbon materials are widely evaluated as scaffolds for cultured cells in “regenerative” bone surgery. In this research we investigated the interaction of human skin fibroblasts with diamond carbon composites scaffolds. Scaffolds with 10-100 nm pore diameter were obtained from the dispersed powders of diamond with particle size - from 2 nm to 5 microns It was shown that all scaffolds were not toxic for cultured cells. The highest number of cells adhered on the scaffolds with average pore size of 50-100 nm Scaffold with a pore size of 50 nm contribute to the fibroblasts parallel orientation of their surfaces

Bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MMSCs) are able to confer beneficial effects after transplantation into neural tissue with ischemic injury. This effect is probably caused by the release of trophic factors, although the possibilities of replacement of dead neural cells by BM-MMSCs are not excluded. The aim of this study was to identify the ability of BM-MMScs to differentiate into cells of the nervous tissues and their neuroprotective effect in direct contact with nervous tissue damaged by ischemia Therefore, we investigated this interaction by in vitro model of organotypic hippocampal tissue to avoid affecting the immunological processes in the conditions after transplantation in vivo. Ischemic injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation The potential of differentiation of transplanted multipotent mesenchymal bone marrow stromal cells to neural direction was assessed for 14 days after the ischemic injury. At the 7 th day after the oxygen-glucose deprivation and transplantation the multipotent mesenchymal bone marrow stromal cells differentiated into microglial cells, and on the 14th day - as in microglial cells and in mature oligodendrocytes These findings suggest that the transplanted stem cells respond to signals from the microenvironment of the injured tissue of the recipient, which in turn may trigger and regulate cell differentiation as well as to determine the direction of migration

In this study, we investigated a biological activity of nonwoven polycaprolactone scaffolds for controlled delivery of vascular endothelial growth factors. The tube scaffolds with incorporated vascular endothelial growth factors were fabricated by method of electrospinning. The polycaprolactone scaffold containing growth factor provided a morphology similar to the native extracellular matrix. The sustained release of biologically active growth factor from scaffold was observed for 80 days The assessment of adhesion and proliferation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells on the material surface showed that scaffolds with vascular endothelial growth factors are able to maintain the cellular activity. Results of study demonstrated that incorporated growth factors provide active proliferation of endothelial cells on porous material and cells penetration inside the scaffold. This approach to the creation of a biologically active environment in the scaffold has a great potential in the development of grafts for blood vessels regeneration

The aim of this research was to study the influence of allogeneic hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells infused intravenously to rats in acute period of izoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction on structural and functional changes of the heart in long-term period of observation (over 1 year) The postinfarction heart failure was created by intra-abdominal injection of isoproterenol solution Allogenic CD117+ hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells were extracted from bone marrow by immunomagnetic separation and were induced for CXCR4 expression and TGFb production by cultivation for three days in presence of interleukine-3. Obtained cells were injected intravenously to rats on 9 day after isoproterenol administration. One year later structure and function of the myocardium were investigated by epicardial echocardiography in M-modal mode with the apparatus «VIVID-3» supplied by 3. 5 MHz transduser The diastolic function was examined by Doppler echocardiography method in the impulse mode One year later, in the group of infarcted animals with hematopoietic stem/ progenitor stem cell injection the clinically and statistically significant reduction of the left ventricle weight and relative thickness of the left ventricle wall were revealed; furthermore - the reduction of the left ventricle back wall thickness, interventricular septum thickness and aorta diameter were observed in comparison with the group without treatment Doppler echocardiographic test has demonstrated an improvement of cardiac diastolic function in the group of infarcted animals with hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cell injection: statistically significant reduction of proportion of the animals with hypertrophic and restrictive mode of transmitral blood flow Obtained data have shown that single intravenous injection of hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells treated with IL-3 ex vivo reduces a risk of serious cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction at long-term period of observation in rats Proposed approach may be useful in improving of cell therapy effectiveness for heart failure treatment

Growing interest in angiogenesis, a key component in the development of different diseases, requires the use of a suitable experimental model to simulate neovascularization in a laboratory. In recent years, with the development of novel therapeutic strategies, based on angiogenesis regulation, this problem has become especially important. Current in vitro and in vivo models are characterized with a variety of disadvantages, which impede results interpretation. Thus, in vitro assays provide estimation of discrete endothelial cells characteristics, which alter from the same ones in the native microenvironment. The use of in vivo assays is accompanied with difficulties in testing agent delivery and quantitative analysis of its angiogenic activity In view of these complications, the use of a combination of assays is recommended while planning the experiment in this area. The aim of this review is to critically analyze angiogenesis assays, currently used to perform fundamental investigation as well as preclinical tests of developing therapeutic agents