Vol 12, No 1 (2017)

Natural potency of peripheral nerves to regenerate after injury is limited by time and ability of neurons to recuperate. It results in loss of function and disability of impaired subject. Existing therapeutic approaches are not capable to support nerve survival and neurite outgrowth for a sufficient period of time. This problem can be solved by application of novel gene therapeutic drugs and cell-based approaches. Present review focuses on mechanisms of nerve repair and key stages of peripheral nerve system regeneration after injury. The study provides a systematic overview of biologically active molecules involved and gives a prospect of new methods in treatment of injured nerves.

The overview describes the structure of a classic nuclear glucocorticoid receptor associated bound in inactive form to proteins chaperone complex. We analyzed genomic mechanisms regulated the gene expression, as well as a fastacting glucocorticoid effects of not genomic nature.

Alcoholic liver disease combines various structural and functional impairments of liver caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol, as a direct hepatotoxic agent, is metabolized in the liver and affects both resident cells and their microenvironment. These changes are reflected in the resulting imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators synthesized by the liver macrophages. To date, it is known about the polarization and phenotypic diversity of this cell population, and about macrophages and monocytes involvement in the development of alcoholic hepatitis. These facts allow us to consider macrophages as potential therapeutic targets. However, the available data do not fully disclose the mechanisms of inter- and intradifferon interactions in the human body. The review discusses the results of current studies on the involvement of liver macrophages in the pathomorphogenesis of alcoholic liver disease and the potential for their use in the treatment of this disease.

Cell transplantology is a perspective and actively developing field of regenerative medicine, but its effectiveness often remains relatively low for some indications. Appliance of magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic fields can increase efficacy of cell transplantation. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) is a most prospective type of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetically controlled targeting of cells in vivo. In the investigation human fetal fibroblasts were labeled with citrate stabilized SPION (SPION-Cit) that refer to anionic magnetic nanoparticles. 100, 200, 300 and 500 дд Fe/ml doses of magnetic nanoparticles and incubation times of 1, 2 and 3 h were used. The effectiveness of magnetic labeling of cells was evaluated by magnetophoresis in a special chamber using disk NdFeB magnet with diameter of 6 mm and thickness of 3 mm and field induction of 0,255 T: magnetophoretic velocity of magnetized cells in magnetic field gradient was assessed and their magnetic susceptibility was calculated. Viability of magnetically labeled cells was evaluated by trypan blue staining and MTT-test. The value of magnetic susceptibility of magnetically labeled fetal fibroblasts was dose and incubation time depended. A capture distance of labeled cell with the magnet was in a range of 3-4 mm. Magnetophoretic movement of control fibroblasts was not observed. Viability of labeled cells was not decreased substantially in ranges of nanoparticles concentrations 100-300 дд Fe/ml and incubation times 1-3 h. In the concentration of 500 дд Fe/ml partial cell death and exfoliation of cell layer from culture flask observed (signs of low grade exfoliation also observed in the labeling conditions of 300 дд Fe/ml for 3 h). According to our data, most optimal conditions for magnetic labeling of human fetal fibroblast with SPION-Cit is particles concentration 100 дд Fe/ml for 3 h, which provides the capture distance of labeled cells with the magnet about 4 mm.

Nonwoven polycaprolactone materials produced by electrospinning are perspective internal prosthetic implants. Seeding these implants with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells stimulates the replacement of the prosthesis with recipient's own connective tissue. Electrospinning method was used for producing polycap-rolactone matrices differing in thickness, pore diameter, fiber size, and biomechanical properties. Labeled cells were seeded on scaffolds in three ways: (1) static, (2) dynamic, and (3) directed flow of the cell suspension generated by capillary action. Cell distribution on the surface and the interior of the scaffolds was studied; the metabolic activity of cells was measured by MTT assay. Static seeding method yielded fully confluence of cells covered the entire scaffold surface, but the cells were located primarily in the upper third of the matrix. Dynamic method proved to be effective only for scaffolds of thickness greater than 500 microns, irrespective of the pore diameter. The third method was effective only for scaffolds with the pore diameter of 20-30 microns, regardless of the material thickness. Resorbable nonwoven polycaprolactone electrospun materials have appropriate biomechanical properties and similar to native tissue matrix structures for internal prosthesis. The choice of the most effective cell seeding method depends on the spatial characteristics - the material thickness, pore diameter, and fibers size, which are determined by the electrospinning conditions.