Vol 11, No 1 (2016)

According to “M1/M2” paradigm two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed - classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated macrophages that express different receptors, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and effector molecules but recent evidence suggests that in respond to changed environmental stimuli they can demonstrate unique properties which do not allow to attribute them neither to M1 nor to M2 population. Macrophages play a pivotal role in foreign body reaction following installation of catheters, stents prosthesis, dental implants Macrophages englobe wear particles around joint prosthesis initiating an inflammation in periprosthetic tissues аnd osteolysis, control fibroproliferation and formation of the fibrous capsule surrounding foreign bodies A brief overview of events leading to migration, adhesion and activation of macrophages, and analysis of their functional characteristics on different surfaces including biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials in vivo and in vitro are presented

An effective treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM), which provides an alternative to hormone replacement therapy, is transplantation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs). Donor β-cells are transplanted both in the form of a complete pancreas, or in the form of isolated islets of Langerhans. However, the application of this method is limited due to the lack of donor material and the need for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy that has a detrimental impact on the weakened DM patient's body. An alternative method of obtaining IPCs is to differentiate stem or progenitor cells. Pancreatic differentiation capability has been demonstrated for various types of stem cells Currently, induced pluripotent stem cell IPSC) are considered to be the most promising source of IPCs, including those obtained from mature cells of the patients themselves Firstly, such IPCs can be gained in unlimited quantities. Secondly, in the case of autologous transplantation they are least exposed to the recipient body's immune attack, thereby making it possible to completely discard immunosuppressive therapy. IPSCs introduction into clinical practice is hindered by the fact that they provoke the formation of teratomas in the recipient>s body. Moreover, they retain this ability even after differentiation because of a number of undifferentiated cells preserved in the population This review focuses on contemporary protocols for obtaining IPCs from IPSCs. These protocols mimic β-cells formation stages during embryonic development. The review also covers the application of IPC immuno-isolating containers for transplantation. Their semipermeable walls, on the one hand, protect the transplant from the recipient>s immune system, and on the other hand, they suppress the risk of the transplant causing tumor formation. in addition, attention will be paid to the use of IPCs derived from IPSCs as a model object for studying the processes occurring in β-cells at normal circumstances as well as during DM.

Intraoperative bile duct injures requiring its repair observed in 0. 05-2. 7% of patients, who underwent cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis Lots of patients require reconstructive bile duct surgery given that cholecystectomy is the second most common surgery in the abdominal region, and more than 1 mln operations are made all over the world per year. Previously stitching of the crossed bile duct edges was used, but in most cases this entailed the bile duct stricture and disturbance of the bile outflow. At present, the standard surgery includes suturing of the duct with small intestine, but such a reconstruction, in turn, can lead to liver abscess, biliary cirrhosis and increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. in this review, we consider the possibility of creating fragments of tissue-engineered bile duct that involves the use multilayer tissue-engineered structures consisting of a composite matrix, cells and signaling molecules that stimulate local proliferation and neovascularization.

Biocompatible and biodegraded matrixes have already framed by the modern biomedical technologies however working out and application of tissue-specific matrixes remains an actual problem of the modern tissue engineering Aim of this work is to show that the technique, which is proposed by the authors for producing of small-dispersioned matrices of decellularization liver (DCL), is good for the making of cell-engineering designs of auxiliary liver The paper presents the technology of producing the small-dispersioned matrix of DCL and the results of using the light, phase- contrast and electron microscopy to characterize the biological properties of the made matrix The hepatospecific properties of the matrix have been studied by using a quantitative evaluation of the MTT-test results on the 5th day of separate cultivation on this matrix 4 types of cells (HepG2, renal epithelial cells, bone marrow MSCs and liver cells from allogeneic donors). On photographs of microscopic examination of the matrix particles of DCL it was seen their porous structure, on the surface of which the preserved conglomerates of native extracellular matrix molecules were presented At comparative study of adhesive properties of the Cytodex-3 matrix particles and the small-dispersioned matrix of DCL it was found out that both matrices had the ability to adhere different cell types, but the matrix of DCL had the ability to preserve of hepato-specific activity significantly expressed. Keeping of biocompatibility and hepato-specific properties by small-dipersioned matrices of DCL, produced on the proposed technology, allows to recommend them for the making of implantable cell-engineering designs of auxiliary liver.

Autologous adipose tissue transplantation is one of the most common methods of soft tissue volume and shape correction However, the effect of fat grafting is short due to the low survival rate of a fat graft This study was designed to evaluate the influence of the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the dynamics of involutive changes of the fat graft in an experimental model with subcutaneous injection in the rabbit ear shell Each animal (n = 9) underwent subcutaneous autologous fat grafting: in the left ear - without PRP, in the right one - mixed with PRP We performed the histological analysis of the materials estimating the number of fat elements, fibrosis processes, and severity of the macrophage-histiocytic reaction (identification of CD163+-cells) in 1, 2, 4, 8, 36 weeks after surgery We found that in the early stages of observation, up to 4 weeks, the signs of fibrosis (the thickness of the connective tissue capsule, interlobular and interadipocyte fibrous septums) were less pronounced in the case of PRP However, further histologic characteristic became similar in the both groups Thus, PRP can have a positive impact on the autologous fat graft survival, but more research is needed to select the optimal PRP processing protocol for autologous fat graft and further analysis of the causes, mechanisms and symptoms of the transplanted fat tissue involution

We analyze the ethical and scientific issues of human embryonic specimen and its utilization for research purposes. Human embryonic specimens are the source of stem cells which are the foundation for all organs and tissue formation. The analysis of human embryonic specimens promises to obtain the essential knowledge about human development and reveal the causes of human development pathology. Ethical and scientific problems of human embryonic specimens donation and research are debated here We review the impact that human embryonic specimens impose on scientific research, usage restrictions, risk assessment, research personnel and donor protection in view of the British, and other European publications, case reports, legislation, regulations and guidelines This work is focused on the discussion of different aspects of donation and usage of human embryonic specimens obtained after the elective medical termination of pregnancy We discuss suggestions for improvement of the ethical and scientific regulations for the work with human embryonic donor material in Russian Federation.