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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">705424</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc705424</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Altering Receptor Specificity of a Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Enables Its Targeting to Human Melanoma Cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изменение рецепторной специфичности рекомбинантного аденоассоциированного вируса позволяет нацелить его на клетки меланомы человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirokov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Широков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>dmitry.a.shirokov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepekhina</surname><given-names>Daria</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепехина</surname><given-names>Дарья Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>lepdauri@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogomiakova</surname><given-names>Margarita</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богомякова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margbog_5@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Illarionova</surname><given-names>Sabina</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илларионова</surname><given-names>Сабина Элмировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>stadashi6@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazarev</surname><given-names>Vassili</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарев</surname><given-names>Василий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>lazar0@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution></institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-03"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-28"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-05-29"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/705424">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/705424</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>By the end of the first quarter of the 21st century, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have become a powerful tool for human gene therapy. A number of advantages have positioned these viruses as leaders among gene delivery vehicles for therapeutic purposes. One of the current challenges is the development of novel recombinant AAV variants with tropism for specific cell types, including tumor cells of various origins. This goal can be achieved by mutating the viral capsid using modern capsid engineering approaches.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>development of a recombinant AAV that selectively infects human melanoma cells.</p> <p><bold><italic>METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>Using a rational design approach for the viral protein shell, a capsid architecture was developed containing the insertion of an RGD peptide that preferentially binds to αvβ3 integrins on the surface of malignant melanoma cells. To generate a plasmid encoding the mutant capsid protein, the PIPE (polymerase incomplete primer extension) method was used. The transduction efficiency of the two AAV variants (one with the mutant capsid and one with the wild-type capsid) was assessed on the human MeWo and HaCaT cell lines. A competitive inhibition assay was used to analyze virus binding to cell surface receptors.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold> A recombinant AAV carrying an insertion of the RGD15 peptide in the VR-VIII loop of the capsid protein (following asparagine 587 in the amino acid sequence) was generated. This mutant virus exhibits reduced tropism for normal skin keratinocytes while retaining the ability to efficiently infect human melanoma cells. Competitive inhibition assays demonstrated that the altered tropism of the AAV with the RGD peptide in the capsid is due to a shift in receptor specificity.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic></bold>The recombinant AAV with the proposed capsid design can be further used to deliver an expression cassette encoding one of the oncolytic proteins into human melanoma cells. Such an AAV would potentially exhibit dual specificity toward malignant cells, ensuring selectivity first at the stage of viral receptor binding and then at the transgene expression stage. The development of therapeutic agents with such a mechanism of action would help address the problem of cancer drug non-selectivity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>К исходу первой четверти XXI века аденоассоциированные вирусы (AAV) стали мощным инструментом для генной терапии человека. Целый ряд преимуществ вывел эти вирусы на лидирующие позиции среди способов доставки генов в клетки с терапевтической целью. Одной из актуальных задач на сегодняшний день является создание новых вариантов рекомбинантных AAV с тропностью к определённому типу клеток, в том числе к опухолевым клеткам различного происхождения. Такая задача может быть решена за счёт мутагенеза вирусного капсида с использованием современных методов капсидной инженерии.</p> <p><bold>Цель<italic> </italic></bold>— разработка рекомбинантного AAV, селективно заражающего клетки меланомы человека.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Используя метод рационального дизайна белковой оболочки вируса, разработана архитектура капсида с инсерцией RGD-пептида, предпочтительно связывающегося с aVb3-интегринами на поверхности клеток злокачественной меланомы. Для создания плазмиды, кодирующей мутантный капсидный белок, применена методика PIPE (polymerase incomplete primer extension). Эффективность трансдукции двух AAV (с мутантным капсидом и с капсидом дикого типа) проверена на линиях клеток человека MeWo и HaCaT. Для анализа связывания вирусов с рецепторами на поверхности клеток использован метод конкурентного ингибирования заражения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Создан рекомбинантный AAV, имеющий инсерцию пептида RGD15 в петле VR-VIII капсидного белка (после аспарагина-587 в аминокислотной последовательности). Такой мутантный вирус снижает тропность по отношению к нормальным кератиноцитам кожи, сохраняя при этом способность эффективно заражать клетки меланомы человека. Опыты по конкурентному ингибированию заражения продемонстрировали, что изменение тропности AAV с RGD-пептидом в капсиде обусловлено сменой рецепторной специфичности.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Рекомбинантный AAV с предложенным дизайном капсида может быть использован в дальнейшем для доставки в клетки меланомы человека экспрессионной кассеты, кодирующей один из онколитических белков. Такой AAV потенциально будет обладать двойной специфичностью по отношению к злокачественным клеткам, обеспечивая селективность вначале на этапе рецепции вируса, а затем на этапе экспрессии трансгена. Создание терапевтических препаратов с подобным механизмом действия позволит продвинуться на пути решения проблемы неизбирательности противоопухолевых лекарств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Adeno-associated viruses</kwd><kwd>AAV</kwd><kwd>viral vectors</kwd><kwd>mutant capsids</kwd><kwd>RGD peptides</kwd><kwd>melanoma</kwd><kwd>MeWo</kwd><kwd>V3 integrins</kwd><kwd>PIPE</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Аденоассоциированные вирусы</kwd><kwd>AAV</kwd><kwd>вирусные векторы</kwd><kwd>мутантные капсиды</kwd><kwd>RGD-пептиды</kwd><kwd>меланома</kwd><kwd>MeWo</kwd><kwd>V3-интегрины</kwd><kwd>PIPE</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by Russian Science Foundation grant number 24-25-00344, https://rscf.ru/en/project/24-25-00344/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-25-00344, https://rscf.ru/project/24-25-00344/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Wang D, Tai PWL, Gao G. 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