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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">687772</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc687772</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ROVMEA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dose-dependent effects of intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration on alpha-synuclein levels in the olfactory epithelium and neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulbs of mice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Дозозависимое влияние интраназального введения липополисахарида на концентрацию альфа-синуклеина в обонятельном эпителии и нейровоспаление в обонятельных луковицах мышей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3358-9611</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8561-7850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeeva</surname><given-names>Kseniya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеева</surname><given-names>Ксения Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ksui1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8273-8348</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9300-2217</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeeva</surname><given-names>Tatyana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tnbio@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-4271</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1669-0353</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherenkov</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черенков</surname><given-names>Иван Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>ivch@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-1832</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1476-3236</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeyev</surname><given-names>Valeriy G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>Валерий Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>cellbio@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Udmurt State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Удмуртский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Udmurt State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Удмуртский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевская государственная медицинская академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-18"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/687772">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/687772</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Olfactory dysfunction is a prodromal symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the olfactory bulbs may be initiated by infectious agents in the nasal cavity, particularly bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of this endotoxin on the olfactory epithelium and the development of pathological processes in the olfactory bulbs remain insufficiently studied.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of intranasally administered lipopolysaccharide on the intensity of immunopositive staining of the olfactory epithelium with antibodies against alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and the adaptor protein MyD88, as well as of olfactory bulbs with antibodies against α-syn and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 18 male BALB/c mice weighing 20–33 g. Animals received unilateral intranasal injections of sterile saline 10 μL daily (control) or lipopolysaccharide at a high (0.1 μg/mL) or low (0.01 μg/mL) concentration. After 28 days, the brains and nasal structure complexes were excised and frozen using dry ice. Serial cryostat sections (14 μm) were prepared and stained with methylene blue and antibodies against α-syn, MyD88, and GFAP. The intensity of immunolabeling was quantitatively assessed using Image-Pro Insight 8.0 software.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Unilateral intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide solution to mice resulted in a dose-dependent increase in α-syn levels in receptor cells, olfactory nerve bundles, and olfactory bulb glomeruli, along with a dose-dependent increase in MyD88 in the receptor epithelium and GFAP in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb ipsilateral to endotoxin administration.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The observed morphological and immunohistochemical changes in the olfactory bulbs following intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration indicate the development of dose-dependent neuroinflammation in the glomerular layer. Neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb appears to be initiated by LPS-induced upregulation of α-syn expression in receptor neurons projecting to the bulbs, mediated by activation of MyD88, which participates in intracellular signaling downstream of Toll-like receptors and interleukin-1 receptor family members.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Обонятельная дисфункция является продромальным синдромом многих нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Нейровоспаление и нейродегенеративные процессы в обонятельных луковицах (ОЛ) могут инициироваться инфекционными агентами в носовой полости, в частности бактериальным липополисахаридом (ЛПС). Молекулярные механизмы, опосредующие воздействие этого эндотоксина на обонятельный эпителий и развитие патологических процессов в ОЛ, изучены недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Изучить влияние различных доз интраназально вводимого ЛПС на интенсивность иммунопозитивного окрашивания ольфакторного эпителия антителами к альфа-синуклеину (α-син) и адаптерному белку MyD88, а также клеток ОЛ — антителами к α-син и глиальному фибриллярному кислому белку (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP).</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В исследовании использовали 18 самцов мышей линии BALB/C массой тела 20–33 г. Животные ежедневно получали односторонние интраназальные инъекции в объёме 10 мкл: стерильного физиологического раствора (контроль) или ЛПС в высокой (0,1 мкг/мл) либо низкой (0,01 мкг/мл) концентрации. Через 28 сут иссечённый мозг и комплекс назальных структур замораживали с использованием сухого льда. Изготавливали серийные криостатные срезы (14 мкм) и окрашивали их метиленовым синим и антителами к α-син, MyD88 и GFAP. Интенсивность мечения иммунопозитивных структур количественно оценивали с помощью программы Image-Pro Inside 8.0.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Унилатеральное интраназальное введение мышам раствора ЛПС вызывало дозозависимое повышение концентрации α-син в рецепторных клетках, нервных пучках обонятельного нерва и гломерулах ОЛ, а также дозозависимое повышение концентрации MyD88 в рецепторном эпителии и GFAP — в гломерулярной области ОЛ на стороне введения эндотоксина.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Наблюдаемые морфологические и иммуногистохимические изменения в ОЛ после интраназального введения ЛПС свидетельствуют о развитии в её гломерулярной области дозозависимого нейровоспаления. Нейровоспаление в ОЛ инициируется ЛПС-индуцированным повышением экспрессии α-син в рецепторных клетках, проецирующихся в эти луковицы, которое опосредуется активацией белка MyD88, вовлечённого во внутриклеточную передачу сигналов от толл-подобных рецепторов и рецепторов семейства интерлейкина-1.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>olfactory epithelium</kwd><kwd>olfactory bulbs</kwd><kwd>alpha-synuclein</kwd><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd><kwd>endotoxin</kwd><kwd>MyD88</kwd><kwd>lipopolysaccharide</kwd><kwd>astroglia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обонятельный эпителий</kwd><kwd>обонятельные луковицы</kwd><kwd>альфа-синуклеин</kwd><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd><kwd>эндотоксин</kwd><kwd>MyD88</kwd><kwd>липополисахарид</kwd><kwd>астроглия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fatuzzo I, Niccolini GF, Zoccali F, et al. 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