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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc679035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FCCWOV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Quantitative method for assessing contractile activity of myotubes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метод количественной оценки сократительной активности миотуб</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-6514</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6720-5905</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhnovskii</surname><given-names>Pavel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махновский</surname><given-names>Павел Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>maxpauel@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-8469</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1411-7760</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vepkhvadze</surname><given-names>Tatiana F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вепхвадзе</surname><given-names>Татьяна Федоровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>anegina13@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3981-244X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3148-2905</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Daniil V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Даниил Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>danil-popov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации — Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>337</fpage><lpage>346</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-30"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-24"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-02-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/679035">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/679035</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Myotubes are multinucleated terminally differentiated cells widely used to study changes induced by muscle contractile activity, metabolic disorders, and myopathies. The ability to contract is a key indicator of muscle cell maturity; therefore, quantitative assessment of this property is essential for evaluating the degree of myotube differentiation. Existing methods for assessing evoked contractile activity of myotubes have several limitations, including short analyzed recording intervals and the inability to distinguish true cellular activity from artifacts.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to develop a method for quantitative evaluation of evoked myotube contractile activity that accounts for contraction–relaxation cycles and artifact effects and enables analysis of dozens of contraction–relaxation events.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>C2C12 myotubes on days 9–11 of differentiation were electrically stimulated for 1 hour using sequential bipolar rectangular pulses with 2 ms duration (45 Hz, 1.7 mA per well) for 300 ms, followed by 700 ms of rest. Contractile activity was recorded on video (40 s at the beginning and end of each session) and quantified using existing methods based on the assessment of displacement within an image region or pixel intensity variation, as well as a newly developed method based on calculating the mean standard deviation of pixel intensity within a moving window.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The proposed method reduced artifact influence (focus drift and particle movement in the medium) on the myotube contractile activity index by an order of magnitude compared with existing approaches, and decreased the coefficient of variation between technical replicates twofold. Extending the analyzed recording duration (to 40 seconds) further reduced variability (by 1.4–2.3 times) compared with shorter video recordings. The Python implementation of the method is available in open access (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/maxpauel/movindex">https://github.com/maxpauel/movindex</ext-link>).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study proposes a quantitative method for evaluating evoked myotube contractile activity, which enables effective elimination of artifacts associated with particle motion in the culture medium and focus instability, as well as assessment of the mean contractile activity within the imaging frame (field of view) over an extended period of time.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Миотубы — многоядерные терминально дифференцированные клетки, которые широко используются для изучения изменений, вызванных сократительной активностью мышц, метаболическими нарушениями и миопатиями. Способность к сокращению является ключевым показателем зрелости мышечных клеток, поэтому количественная характеристика этого показателя необходима для оценки степени дифференцировки миотуб. Существующие методы оценки вызванной сократительной активности миотуб имеют ряд ограничений: короткие анализируемые интервалы записи, невозможность отличить клеточную активность от артефактов и др.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Разработать метод количественной оценки вызванной сократительной активности миотуб, учитывающий период их сокращения-расслабления и влияние артефактов, а также позволяющий анализировать десятки циклов сокращения-расслабления.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Миотубы C2C12 на 9–11-й день дифференцировки стимулировали электрическим током в течение 1 ч: в течение 300 мс — последовательные биполярные прямоугольные импульсы длительностью 2 мс (45 Гц, 1,7 мА/лунка) и в течение 700 мс — покой. Сократительную активность регистрировали на видео (40 с в начале и в конце каждой сессии) и затем количественно характеризовали с помощью существующих методов, основанных на оценке смещения участка изображения или изменения яркости пикселей, а также с помощью разработанного метода, основанного на оценке среднего стандартного отклонения яркости пикселей в скользящем окне.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Предложенный нами метод по сравнению с существующими на порядок снизил влияние артефактов (изменение фокуса и движение частиц в среде) на индекс сократительной активности миотуб, а также коэффициент вариации между техническими повторами — в 2 раза. Увеличение продолжительности анализируемой записи (до 40 с) позволило снизить вариативность (в 1,4–2,3 раза) относительно коротких видеозаписей. Программа для языка python (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/maxpauel/movindex">https://github.com/maxpauel/movindex</ext-link>) выложена в открытом доступе.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В работе предложен количественный метод оценки вызванной сократительной активности миотуб, позволяющий эффективно удалять артефакты, связанные с движением частиц в культуральной среде и изменением фокуса, а также оценивать среднюю сократительную активность в кадре (поле зрения) в течение длительного времени.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>contractile activity</kwd><kwd>myoblasts</kwd><kwd>myotubes</kwd><kwd>contractile activity index</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сократительная активность</kwd><kwd>миобласты</kwd><kwd>миотубы</kwd><kwd>индекс сократительной активности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted with financial support from the Fundamental Research Program of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences (project FMFR-2024-0032)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено с использованием денежных средств программы фундаментальных научных исследований ГНЦ РФ — ИМБП РАН (тема FMFR-2024-0032)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fujita H, Nedachi T, Kanzaki M. 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