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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678874</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc678874</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">INDJJY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Proliferative and transcriptomic response of experimental B16-F10 melanoma to modulation of murine microbiota by oral administration of <italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</italic> K32 and <italic>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</italic> 150</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пролиферативный и транскриптомный ответ экспериментальной меланомы B16-F10 на модификацию микробиоты мыши пероральным введением <italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</italic> K32 и <italic>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</italic> 150</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-342X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4366-8269</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Olekhnovich</surname><given-names>Evgenii I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олехнович</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>jeniaole13@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9470-7640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7963-6910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strokach</surname><given-names>Alexandra A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Строкач</surname><given-names>Александра Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alexandra.vlasova.2017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7214-2504</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3295-3765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kanaeva</surname><given-names>Vera A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Канаева</surname><given-names>Вера Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vera.a.kanaeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-0921</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4872-7881</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>Maxim D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>Максим Денисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maxim_d_morozov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-9452</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4080-4861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Veselovsky</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веселовский</surname><given-names>Владимир Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>djdf26@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3397-2024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4530-7951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zoruk</surname><given-names>Polina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зорук</surname><given-names>Полина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>z-polly@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-0637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Artem B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Артем Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Technology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>abivanov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-9865</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Odorskaya</surname><given-names>Maya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Одорская</surname><given-names>Майа Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maya_epifanova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-1213</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8986-7396</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koldman</surname><given-names>Severina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колдман</surname><given-names>Северина Дановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>zaianari@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6601-7700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5866-3613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koldman</surname><given-names>Vail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колдман</surname><given-names>Вэйл Ас</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>ajalein@xmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-644X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8830-4325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimina</surname><given-names>Ksenia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климина</surname><given-names>Ксения Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>ppp843@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины имени академика Ю.М. Лопухина Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт общей генетики имени Н.И. Вавилова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation—Federal Medical Biophysical Center named after A.I. Burnazyan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации — Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-24"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-20"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/678874">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/678874</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Probiotics are capable of modulating immune responses through interactions with the gut microbiota, potentially enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy and reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Certain probiotic strains have demonstrated the ability to suppress chronic inflammation and augment antitumor immunity; however, their clinical application requires further investigation.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This work aimed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of the probiotic strains <italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</italic> K32 and <italic>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</italic> 150 on tumor growth and gene expression in the B16-F10 melanoma model, as well as on gut microbiota composition in experimental animals.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The experiment was conducted in C57BL/6 mice bearing B16-F10 melanoma. Animals were divided into three groups: control (no intervention) and two experimental groups for oral administration of <italic>B. adolescentis</italic> 150 or <italic>L. rhamnosus </italic>K32, respectively. Changes in gut microbiota composition were analyzed by full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing using Oxford Nanopore technology. The transcriptomic response of B16-F10 melanoma cells to probiotic administration was assessed by RNA sequencing.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Substantial differences were observed in the effects of the studied probiotic strains on B16-F10 melanoma progression. <italic>B. adolescentis</italic> 150 significantly stimulated experimental tumor growth by 29% (<italic>p</italic><sub>adj.</sub> = 0.02 vs. control; <italic>p</italic><sub>adj.</sub> = 0.001 vs. <italic>L. rhamnosus</italic> K32; adj., Bonferroni correction applied). At the molecular level, this stimulation was associated with suppression of interferon signaling, activation of proliferative pathways (WNT/β-catenin, TGF-β), and reduced expression of immune cell markers in melanoma tissue. In contrast, <italic>L. rhamnosus</italic> K32 reduced tumor growth by 18% (not significant; <italic>p</italic><sub>adj.</sub> = 0.4) and was associated with increased expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte and NK cell markers, as well as activation of interferon response pathways. Both probiotic strains induced marked alterations in gut microbiota composition, characterized by an increased relative abundance of <italic>Klebsiella</italic> spp., and were associated with activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways (NF-κB, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, IL-2/STAT5) in tumor tissue. Notably, administration of both probiotics was linked to activation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and hypoxia in the tumor, potentially creating conditions favorable for tumor progression and metastasis.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> These findings highlight the complex and context-dependent effects of probiotics on tumor development and underscore the need for careful strain selection in the adjuvant therapy of melanoma and other malignancies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Пробиотики способны модулировать иммунный ответ, взаимодействуя с кишечной микробиотой, что может повышать эффективность иммунотерапии и уменьшать побочные эффекты химио- и лучевой терапии. Некоторые штаммы демонстрируют способность подавлять хроническое воспаление и усиливать противоопухолевый иммунитет, однако их клиническое применение требует дополнительных исследований.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Изучить влияние перорального введения пробиотических штаммов <italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</italic> K32 и <italic>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</italic> 150 на рост и экспрессию генов модельной меланомы B16-F10, а также на структуру микробиоты экспериментальных животных.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Эксперимент проводили на мышах линии C57BL/6 с привитой меланомой B16-F10. Животных разделили на три группы: контрольную (без вмешательства) и две экспериментальные, получавшие перорально штаммы <italic>B. adolescentis </italic>150 и <italic>L. rhamnosus</italic> K32 соответственно. Для анализа изменений в микробиоте кишечника выполняли секвенирование полной длины гена 16S рибосомной РНК с использованием технологии Oxford Nanopore. Транскриптомный ответ опухолевых клеток меланомы B16-F10 на введение пробиотиков исследовали методом РНК-секвенирования.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Выявлены существенные различия в воздействии изучаемых пробиотических штаммов на развитие меланомы B16-F10. Штамм <italic>B. adolescentis</italic> 150 статистически значимо стимулировал рост экспериментальной опухоли на 29% (<italic>p</italic><sub>скорр.</sub>=0,02 по сравнению с контролем и <italic>p</italic><sub>скорр.</sub>=0,001 относительно группы <italic>L. rhamnosus</italic> K32; скорр. — скорректированное с помощью поправки Бонферрони). На молекулярном уровне в клетках меланомы эта стимуляция сопровождалась подавлением интерферонового ответа, активацией пролиферативных сигнальных путей (WNT/β-catenin, TGF-β) и снижением экспрессии маркёров иммунных клеток. Штамм <italic>L. rhamnosus</italic> K32 снижал рост опухоли на 18% (однако этот результат не был статистически значимым, <italic>p</italic><sub>скорр.</sub>=0,4) и вызывал усиление экспрессии маркёров цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов и NK-клеток, а также активацию интерферонового ответа. Оба исследуемых штамма индуцировали значительные изменения в составе кишечной микробиоты, характеризующиеся увеличением относительной численности бактерий рода <italic>Klebsiella</italic>, и опосредовали активацию провоспалительных сигнальных путей (NF-κB, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, IL-2/STAT5) в опухолевой ткани. Важно отметить, что применение обоих пробиотиков ассоциировалось с активацией процессов эпителиально-мезенхимального перехода и гипоксии в опухоли, что может создавать благоприятные условия для её прогрессирования и метастазирования.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные данные подчёркивают сложное и неоднозначное влияние пробиотиков на развитие опухолевого процесса и необходимость тщательного отбора штаммов для адъювантной терапии меланомы и других видов рака.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>B16 melanoma</kwd><kwd>probiotics</kwd><kwd>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</kwd><kwd>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>immunity</kwd><kwd>transcriptome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>меланома B16</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</kwd><kwd>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>иммунитет</kwd><kwd>транскриптом</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under Grant No. 22-75-10029 (https://rscf.ru/project/22-75-10029/)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансовая поддержка данного исследования предоставлена Российским научным фондом в рамках гранта № 22-75-10029 (https://rscf.ru/project/22-75-10029/)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Belkaid Y, Hand TW. 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