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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">655846</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc655846</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">USBLTL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Collagen-based conjunctival tissue equivalent: in vitro evaluation of biocompatibility and biomechanical properties</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эквивалент конъюнктивальной ткани на основе коллагена: исследование биосовместимости и биомеханических свойств in vitro</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-7872</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4861-4771</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivolapova</surname><given-names>Diana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криволапова</surname><given-names>Диана Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dia.med94@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-9040</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6410-7993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>Andrey Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Андрей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>docandreev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-6011</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3898-2570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Subbot</surname><given-names>Anastasia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суббот</surname><given-names>Анастасия Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>kletkagb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-4275</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9784-0459</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avetisov</surname><given-names>Sergey E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аветисов</surname><given-names>Сергей Эдуардович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>МD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Aacademician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>s.avetisov@niigb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2549-4011</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9995-3951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osidak</surname><given-names>Egor O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осидак</surname><given-names>Егор Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>eosidak@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7926-7253</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilina</surname><given-names>Polina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильина</surname><given-names>Полина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>polinailina1107@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-6273</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panova</surname><given-names>Anna D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панова</surname><given-names>Анна Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ainushgnomello@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.M. Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт глазных болезней имени М.М. Краснова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Imtek Ltd.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО Фирма «Имтек»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>140</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-05"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-07-23"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/655846">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/655846</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The development of a conjunctival equivalent capable of repairing tissue defects and preventing pathological scarring is a critical goal in biomaterial design for reconstructive procedures, in which collagen is frequently employed. Evaluating the biocompatibility and biomechanical properties of such materials supports the advancement of effective surgical approaches for conjunctival reconstruction.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The work aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of human conjunctival epithelial cells (hCECs) with a collagen membrane (CM) developed using an original technique<italic> in vitro</italic>; to confirm its noncytotoxicity toward hCECs; to characterize hCEC morphology and expression of specific proteins on CM; and to compare the biomechanical properties of CM with native conjunctiva.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:<italic> </italic></bold>A primary culture of hCECs was obtained using the explant method and verified through staining for the markers cytokeratin 7 and mucin 5AC. Two CM formulations (collagen concentration 10 mg/mL and 30 mg/mL) were tested. Cytotoxicity of the 30 mg/mL CM was evaluated by seeding hCECs at 50,000 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> followed by MTS assay and viability testing with calcein-AM and Hoechst staining. hCECs morphology was analyzed using phase-contrast images of the cell culture after seeding on CM and immunocytochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 and mucin 5AC. Biomechanical properties of the 30 mg/mL CM and conjunctiva were assessed using static and dynamic tests on an indentation machine.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Phase-contrast microscopy revealed that within 1 week after seeding, hCECs migrated into the inner layers of the 10 mg/mL CM, whereas on the 30 mg/mL CM, the cells formed a confluent monolayer on its surface. The metabolic activity assay revealed no significant difference between the control groups and 30 mg/mL CM. In the live/dead assay, 95% of cells in both groups stained positive with calcein. The immunocytochemical profile of hCECs remained unchanged: as in the control group, cells cultured on the CM expressed conjunctiva-specific cytokeratin 7 and mucin 5AC. The Young’s modulus values for the CM and bulbar conjunctiva were comparable: 0.0008739 ± 0.0004332 GPa and 0.0009472 ± 0.001323 GPa, respectively (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0549). The hardness of the CM was significantly higher than that of the conjunctiva (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001), while its viscosity was significantly lower compared to native tissue (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> hCECs remained viable after seeding on the tested CM, confirming its noncytotoxicity. The migration of hCECs into the matrix indicates the material’s ability to create a favorable microenvironment for conjunctival epithelialization and to undergo resorption following cell colonization. Preservation of the molecular profile of hCECs indicates high biocompatibility of the CM with conjunctival epithelium. The 30 mg/mL CM exhibits elasticity comparable to that of conjunctiva, with higher hardness and lower viscosity. Optimization of CM biomechanical properties for specific clinical needs holds promise.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Создание эквивалента конъюнктивы, способного замещать дефекты ткани и предотвращать патологическое рубцевание, — ключевая задача разработки биоматериалов, для изготовления которых часто используется коллаген, в реконструктивных вмешательствах. Оценка биосовместимости и биомеханических свойств таких биоматериалов способствует развитию перспективных хирургических методик устранения дефектов конъюнктивы.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Оценить биосовместимость эпителиальных клеток конъюнктивы (ЭКК) человека и коллагеновой мембраны (КМ) оригинальной технологии <italic>in vitro</italic>; отсутствие её цитотоксичности для ЭКК; морфологию и паттерн характерных белков ЭКК на КМ; охарактеризовать биомеханические свойства КМ в сравнении с нативной конъюнктивой.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Первичная культура ЭКК получена эксплантным методом и верифицирована путём окрашивания на маркёры цитокератин 7 и муцин 5АC. Исследовали КМ с концентрацией коллагена 10 и 30 мг/мл. Цитотоксичность КМ 30 мг/мл оценивали при высеивании ЭКК в плотности 50 тыс./см<sup>2</sup>, проведя MTS-тест и оценку на выживаемость путём окраски кальцеином АМ и Hoechst. Морфологию ЭКК оценивали по фазовоконтрастным снимкам культуры клеток после посева на КМ и иммуноцитохимического окрашивания на цитокератин 7 и муцин 5АC. Биомеханические показатели КМ 30 мг/мл и конъюнктивы исследованы статическими и динамическими тестами на машине-инденторе.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> По результатам фазовоконтрастной микроскопии, в течение недели после посева на КМ 10 мг/мл отмечена миграция ЭКК во внутренние слои носителя, на КМ 30 мг/мл выявлен рост сливным монослоем по поверхности мембраны. Тест на метаболическую активность не установил значимого различия между группами контроля и КМ 30 мг/мл. В тесте live/dead и в группе контроля, и в группе КМ 95% клеток были положительно окрашены кальцеином. Иммуноцитохимический профиль ЭКК не изменялся: как и в группе контроля, на КМ клетки экспрессировали характерные для конъюнктивы цитокератин 7 и муцин 5АC. Показатели модуля Юнга КМ и бульбарной конъюнктивы оказались сопоставимыми: 0,0008739±0,0004332 и 0,0009472±0,001323 ГПа соответственно (<italic>p</italic>=0,0549). Показатель твёрдости КМ оказался выше конъюнктивы (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,0001), а показатель вязкости — ниже показателей нативной ткани (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,0001).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>ЭКК сохраняли жизнеспособность после посева на исследованные КМ, подтверждая отсутствие её цитотоксичности. Миграция ЭКК вглубь матрикса свидетельствует о способности материала создавать благоприятную микросреду для эпителизации конъюнктивы и резорбироваться после заселения клетками. Сохранение молекулярного паттерна ЭКК свидетельствует о высокой биосовместимости КМ с клетками конъюнктивального эпителия. КМ 30 мг/мл обладают упругостью, аналогичной конъюнктиве; имеют бóльшую жёсткость и меньшую вязкость. Перспективна оптимизация биомеханических свойств КМ под конкретные клинические задачи.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>conjunctiva</kwd><kwd>conjunctival reconstruction</kwd><kwd>tissue engineering</kwd><kwd>conjunctival epithelium</kwd><kwd>collagen</kwd><kwd>biopolymers</kwd><kwd>indentation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>конъюнктива</kwd><kwd>реконструкция конъюнктивы</kwd><kwd>тканевая инженерия</kwd><kwd>эпителий конъюнктивы</kwd><kwd>коллаген</kwd><kwd>биополимеры</kwd><kwd>индентирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (No. 24-15-00387, https://rscf.ru/project/24-15-00387/). Viscoll preparations with collagen concentrations of 10 or 30 mg/mL, used for the fabrication of collagen membranes, were provided by Imtek LLC (Moscow, Russia).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование поддержано грантом Российского научного фонда (№24-15-00387, https://rscf.ru/project/24-15-00387/). Препараты Viscoll с концентрацией коллагена 10 или 30 мг/мл для изготовления коллагеновых мембран предоставлены компанией ООО Фирмы «Имтек».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Nelson JD, Cameron JD. The conjunctiva: anatomy and physiology. Cornea. 2005;1:39–54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Downie LE, Bandlitz S, Bergmanson JPG, et al. CLEAR — Anatomy and physiology of the anterior eye. 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