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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">655664</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc655664</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SVTGRR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like state and neuroinflammatory responses: differential effects on hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in wild-type mice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Липополисахарид-индуцированное депрессивно-подобное состояние и нейровоспаление: дифференциальное влияние на гиппокамп и префронтальную кору у диких мышей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5162-3884</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9770-5930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismailova</surname><given-names>Ainazik U.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмаилова</surname><given-names>Айназик Улукбековна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ismailova.ainazikk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8519-3354</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3992-9830</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ichetkina</surname><given-names>Ksenia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ичеткина</surname><given-names>Ксения Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ksenya.ichetkina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0638-0911</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3736-7801</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Schulz</surname><given-names>Margarita R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шульц</surname><given-names>Маргарита Романовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>margarita.r.schulz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1844-554X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1828-7888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Schulz</surname><given-names>Anton S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шульц</surname><given-names>Антон Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anton.s.schulz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-116X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2724-1531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurilova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курилова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ekaterinakuuurilova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-1311</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1916-6206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tuchina</surname><given-names>Oksana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тучина</surname><given-names>Оксана Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>oktuchina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Балтийский федеральный университет имени Иммануила Канта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>218</fpage><lpage>240</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-09-29"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/655664">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/655664</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in mice is a widely used model for studying inflammation-associated depression. However, the mechanisms underlying LPS-induced changes in the brain remain unclear.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study is aimed to investigate behavioral, cellular, and molecular changes induced by chronic-interval LPS treatment in two brain regions implicated in depression, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study involved adult wild-type male mice (2–3 months old, 25–35 g, <italic>n</italic> = 28) and glial cell primary cultures.</p> <p>The experimental design included a two-phase LPS administration protocol (1 mg/kg, 3 injections intraperitoneally) with a 7-day interval. During the first phase, behavioral assessments were performed; whereas in the second phase, tissue samples (prefrontal cortex and whole hippocampus) were collected for molecular and histological analyses. Behavioral assessment included the Open Field Test (general activity and anxiety-like behavior), the Tail Suspension Test, the Sucrose Preference Test (anhedonia), and the Y-Maze Test (spatial working memory). Glial cell primary cultures were incubated in the presence of LPS to induce neuroinflammation and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) to assess changes in the microglial phenotype.</p> <p>Molecular and cellular changes <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry assays.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> LPS-treated mice exhibited depression-like behavior, including decreased interest in hedonic stimulus, increased immobility, reduced locomotor activity, and memory deficits. The inflammatory reaction was associated with the elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) in both the spleen and brain with distinct regional patterns of astrocytic and microglial activation. LPS increased the expression of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and E-selectin, decreased the expression of claudin 3, occludin, FGF2, and significantly increased the number of mast cells. Microglial activation was observed in both regions with a shift towards the amoeboid phenotype. Glutamatergic signaling was altered with downregulation of glutamate transporters (GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus, suggesting the impaired glutamate buffering.<italic> In vitro</italic>, LPS induced microglial activation, which was reversed by FGF2.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> LPS-induced neuroinflammation differentially affected the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex with the hippocampus appearing to be more vulnerable. FGF2 reversed LPS-induced microglial activation, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target for neuroinflammation-associated depression.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Введение липополисахарида (LPS) мышам является широко используемой моделью для изучения депрессии, ассоциированной с воспалением. Однако механизмы, лежащие в основе вызываемых LPS изменений в мозге, остаются недостаточно изученными.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Целью данного исследования было изучение поведенческих, клеточных и молекулярных изменений, индуцированных интервальным введением LPS, в двух ключевых для патогенеза депрессии областях мозга — гиппокампе и префронтальной коре.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Исследование проведено на взрослых самцах диких мышей (<italic>n</italic> = 28, возраст 2–3 мес, масса тела 25–35 г), а также на первичных культурах глиальных клеток.</p> <p>Дизайн эксперимента включал введение LPS в дозе 1 мг/кг (3 инъекции внутрибрюшинно) в два этапа с 7-дневным интервалом. На первом этапе эксперимента оценивали поведенческие показатели, на втором проводили забор тканей (префронтальная кора и целый гиппокамп) для молекулярного и гистологического анализа. Для оценки поведения использовали тест «Открытое поле» (общая активность и тревожность), тест подвешивания за хвост, тест предпочтения сахарозы (ангедония) и Y-образный лабиринт (пространственная рабочая память). Первичные культуры клеток глии инкубировали в присутствии LPS — для индуцирования нейровоспаления и фактора роста фибробластов 2 (fibroblast growth factor, FGF2) — для оценки изменения фенотипа микроглиальных клеток.</p> <p>Молекулярные и клеточные изменения <italic>in vivo</italic> и <italic>in vitro</italic> анализировали с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени и методов иммуногистохимии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Введение LPS вызвало у мышей депрессивно-подобное поведение, включая снижение интереса к гедоническому стимулу, увеличение времени нахождения в неподвижном состоянии, снижение общей двигательной активности и нарушения памяти. Воспалительная реакция сопровождалась повышенной экспрессией провоспалительных цитокинов (TNF-α, IL-1β) в селезёнке и головном мозге, при этом выявлены региональные различия в активации астроцитов и микроглии. У мышей, получавших LPS, наблюдали увеличение экспрессии белка плотных контактов 1 (tight junction protein 1, TJP1), фактора роста эндотелия сосудов A и E-селектина, снижение экспрессии клаудина 3, окклюдина, FGF2 и значительное повышение количества тучных клеток. В обоих отделах мозга отмечалась активация микроглии, сопровождающаяся увеличением доли амёбоидных форм клеток. В гиппокампе выявлены изменения глутаматергической передачи, включая снижение экспрессии глутаматного транспортера GLT-1 и глутаминсинтетазы, что указывает на нарушение механизмов буферизации глутамата. В экспериментах <italic>in vitro</italic> LPS индуцировал активацию микроглии, которая была нивелирована добавлением FGF2.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Нейровоспаление, вызванное введением LPS, по-разному повлияло на гиппокамп и префронтальную кору, при этом гиппокамп демонстрировал бóльшую уязвимость. Обнаруженный нейропротекторный эффект FGF2 в отношении LPS-индуцированной активации микроглии указывает на его потенциальную роль в терапии депрессии, ассоциированной с воспалением.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lipopolysaccharides</kwd><kwd>microglia</kwd><kwd>astrocytes</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>glutamic acid</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>липополисахарид</kwd><kwd>микроглия</kwd><kwd>астроциты</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>глутамат</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by the Russian Federal Academic Leadership Program Priority 2030 at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (project No.: 123110800174-4)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке Федеральной академической программы лидерства «Приоритет 2030» в Балтийском федеральном университете имени Иммануила Канта (номер проекта 123110800174-4)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zabrodskii PF. 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