<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641935</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc641935</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Phenotypic similarity of spheroids of native chondrocytes and spheroids of chondrocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant factors TGF-β1 and BMP2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фенотипическое сходство сфероидов нативных хондроцитов и сфероидов хондроцитов, дифференцированных из индуцированных плюрипотентных стволовых клеток человека с помощью рекомбинантных факторов TGF-β1 и BMP2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1361-666X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7220-6031</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruchko</surname><given-names>Evgenii S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ручко</surname><given-names>Евгений Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Ruchkoevgeny@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9042</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5299-9693</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubinskaya</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубинская</surname><given-names>Полина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>polinapigeon@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8967-2318</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8654-7318</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pikina</surname><given-names>Arina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пикина</surname><given-names>Арина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>arina.pikina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1212-8154</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1955-4313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barinova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баринова</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>barinova.anna.al@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3428-7586</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4825-5440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremeev</surname><given-names>Artem V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремеев</surname><given-names>Артем Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>art-eremeev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины имени академика Ю.М. Лопухина Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-16"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-04-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/641935">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/641935</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Chronic joint diseases represent a significant medical and social problem due to their high prevalence, frequent patient disability, and associated economic losses. Potential therapeutic approaches include cell-based technologies utilizing autologous chondrocytes, which are surgically harvested and expanded <italic>in vitro</italic> before transplantation. Recently, the 3D chondrocyte culturing technique in the form of spheroids has been increasingly used, as it better preserves the functional state of chondrocytes and creates favorable conditions for high-quality cartilage maturation. However, the quantity and quality of autologous chondrocytes may be insufficient to generate an adequate amount of cellular material to fully repair large articular cartilage defects. An alternative cell source could be chondrocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To perform an immunophenotypic comparison of spheroids composed of native chondrocytes and spheroids of chondrocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> This study presents detailed protocols for generating spheroids of native chondrocytes and spheroids of induced pluripotent stem cells–derived chondrocytes using mini-bioreactors and recombinant TGF-β1 and BMP2 factors. Using immunocytochemical staining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we compared native chondrocyte spheroids and spheroids of chondrocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells in terms of the expression of key chondrogenic genes: aggrecan (<italic>ACAN</italic>), collagen types I (<italic>COL1A2</italic>) and II (<italic>COL2A1</italic>), and the key transcription factor <italic>SOX9</italic>.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The expression levels of chondrogenic genes in induced pluripotent stem cells–derived chondrocyte spheroids closely resembled those in native chondrocyte spheroids, except for a significantly increased expression of type I collagen (<italic>COL1A2</italic>).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The use of induced pluripotent stem cells–derived chondrocyte spheroids represents a promising approach for the treatment of chronic joint diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Хронические заболевания суставов представляют значительную медико-социальную проблему из-за своей распространённости, частой инвалидизации пациентов и сопутствующих экономических потерь. Возможные терапевтические подходы включают клеточные технологии с использованием хондроцитов пациента, которые получают операционно и перед трансплантацией наращивают в культуре <italic>in vitro</italic>. В последнее время всё чаще применяют 3D-технику культивирования хондроцитов — в виде сфероидов, что позволяет лучше сохранить функциональное состояние хондроцитов и обеспечивает условия для более качественного созревания хрящевой ткани. Тем не менее количество и качество собственных хондроцитов пациента может быть недостаточным, чтобы произвести достаточное количество клеточного материала для полной компенсации обширных дефектов суставного хряща. Альтернативным источником клеток могут стать хондроциты, полученные путём дифференцировки индуцированных плюрипотентных стволовых клеток (ИПСК).</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — иммунофенотипическое сравнение сфероидов нативных хондроцитов и сфероидов хондроцитов, дифференцированных из ИПСК человека.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В статье приведены подробные протоколы получения сфероидов нативных хондроцитов и сфероидов хондроцитов, дифференцированных из ИПСК с использованием мини-биореакторов и рекомбинантных факторов TGF-β1 и BMP2. При помощи иммуноцитохимического окрашивания и количественной полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией мы сравнили сфероиды нативных хондроцитов и сфероиды хондроцитов, дифференцированных из ИПСК, по экспрессии основных хондроцитарных генов: агреккана (<italic>ACAN</italic>), коллагенов I и II типов (<italic>COL1A2 </italic>и <italic>COL2A1</italic>) и ключевого транскрипционного фактора <italic>SOX9</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Уровни экспрессии хондроцитарных генов в сфероидах хондроцитов, дифференцированных из ИПСК, практически не отличались от нативных хондроцитов, за исключением достоверно повышенной экспрессии коллагена I типа (<italic>COL1A2</italic>).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Применение сфероидов хондроцитов, дифференцированных из ИПСК, может стать перспективным подходом для терапии хронических заболеваний суставов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chondrocytes</kwd><kwd>cellular spheroids</kwd><kwd>induced pluripotent stem cells</kwd><kwd>tissue engineering</kwd><kwd>articular cartilage</kwd><kwd>chondrogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хондроциты</kwd><kwd>клеточные сфероиды</kwd><kwd>индуцированные плюрипотентные стволовые клетки</kwd><kwd>тканевая инженерия</kwd><kwd>суставной хрящ</kwd><kwd>хондрогенез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported with an allocation No. 22-15-00250 by the Russian Science Foundation.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научное исследование проведено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 22-15-00250).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Medvedeva EV, Grebenik EA, Gornostaeva SN, et al. Repair of damaged articular cartilage: current approaches and future directions. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2366. doi: 10.3390/ijms19082366 EDN: YBORYD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Carey JL, Remmers AE, Flanigan DC. Use of MACI (Autologous Cultured Chondrocytes on Porcine Collagen Membrane) in the United States: Preliminary Experience. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(8):2325967120941816. doi: 10.1177/2325967120941816 EDN: LMRFLF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Chu YY, Hikita A, Asawa Y, Hoshi K. Advancements in chondrocyte 3-dimensional embedded culture: implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomed J. 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100786 EDN: NQFVPY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Z, McCaffery JM, Spencer RG, Francomano CA. Hyaline cartilage engineered by chondrocytes in pellet culture: histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis in comparison with cartilage explants. J Anat. 2004;205(3):229–237. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00327.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Cacciamali A, Villa R, Dotti S. 3D cell cultures: evolution of an ancient tool for new applications. Front Physiol. 2022;13:836480. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836480 EDN: UNAZBE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Guo X, Xi L, Yu M, et al. Regeneration of articular cartilage defects: Therapeutic strategies and perspectives. J Tissue Eng. 2023;14:20417314231164765. doi: 10.1177/20417314231164765 EDN: NRLTCH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Duval K, Grover H, Han LH, et al. Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture. Physiology (Bethesda). 2017;32(4):266–277. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ravi M, Paramesh V, Kaviya SR, et al. 3D cell culture systems: advantages and applications. J Cell Physiol. 2015;230(1):16–26. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24683</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Gionet-Gonzales MA, Leach JK. Engineering principles for guiding spheroid function in the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and skin. Biomed Mater. 2018;13(3):034109. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/aab0b3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Kim J, Tomida K, Matsumoto T, Adachi T. Spheroid culture for chondrocytes triggers the initial stage of endochondral ossification. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2022;119(11):3311–3318. doi: 10.1002/bit.28203 EDN: OWZXGN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Ruedel A, Hofmeister S, Bosserhoff AK. Development of a model system to analyze chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013;6(12):3042–3048.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Jang Y, Jung H, Ju JH. Chondrogenic differentiation induction of adipose-derived stem cells by centrifugal gravity. J Vis Exp. 2017;(120):54934. doi: 10.3791/54934</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>He H, He Q, Xu F, et al. Dynamic formation of cellular aggregates of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in spinner flask. Cell Prolif. 2019;52(4):e12587. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12587 EDN: LBOUSQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Fürsatz M, Gerges P, Wolbank S, Nürnberger S. Autonomous spheroid formation by culture plate compartmentation. Biofabrication. 2021;13(3):10.1088/1758-5090/abe186. doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe186 EDN: DFFXDE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Lee NH, Bayaraa O, Zechu Z, Kim HS. Biomaterials-assisted spheroid engineering for regenerative therapy. BMB Rep. 2021;54(7):356–367. doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2021.54.7.059 EDN: CIRXKU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Limraksasin P, Kosaka Y, Zhang M, et al. Shaking culture enhances chondrogenic differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cell constructs. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14996. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72038-y EDN: KHATGS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Salzmann GM, Niemeyer P, Hochrein A, et al. Articular cartilage repair of the knee in children and adolescents. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(3):2325967118760190. doi: 10.1177/2325967118760190 EDN: VFTOUU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Zha K, Li X, Yang Z, et al. Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage regeneration: from characterization to application. NPJ Regen Med. 2021;6(1):14. doi: 10.1038/s41536-021-00122-6 EDN: XAYMLH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Levy O, Kuai R, Siren EMJ, et al. Shattering barriers toward clinically meaningful MSC therapies. Sci Adv. 2020;6(30):eaba6884. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6884 EDN: WKXTSK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Abe K, Yamashita A, Morioka M, et al. Engraftment of allogeneic iPS cell-derived cartilage organoid in a primate model of articular cartilage defect. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):804. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36408-0 EDN: FDJHXR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Eremeev AV, Pikina AS, Ruchko ES, et al. Fabrication of cartilage tissue substitutes from cells with induced pluripotency. Medicine of Extreme Situations. 2022;4:30–41. doi: 10.47183/mes.2022.037 EDN: WKQYHL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Holmqvist S, Lehtonen Š, Chumarina M, et al. Creation of a library of induced pluripotent stem cells from Parkinsonian patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2016;2:16009. doi: 10.1038/npjparkd.2016.9 EDN: DWPFQD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Eremeev A, Belikova L, Ruchko E, et al. Brain organoid generation from induced pluripotent stem cells in home-made mini bioreactors. J Vis Exp. 2021;(178):10.3791/62987. doi: 10.3791/62987 EDN: EOFSOK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Abe K, Yamashita A, Morioka M, et al. Engraftment of allogeneic iPS cell-derived cartilage organoid in a primate model of articular cartilage defect. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):804. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36408-0 EDN: FDJHXR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Ali EAM, Smaida R, Meyer M, et al. iPSCs chondrogenic differentiation for personalized regenerative medicine: a literature review. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):185. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-03794-1 EDN: BQFASJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Loh KM, van Amerongen R, Nusse R. Generating cellular diversity and spatial form: wnt signaling and the evolution of multicellular animals. Dev Cell. 2016;38(6):643–655. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.08.011 EDN: XTWTSN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Kawata M, Mori D, Kanke K, et al. Simple and robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward chondrocytes by two small-molecule compounds. Stem Cell Reports. 2019;13(3):530–544. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Pinnell SR. Regulation of collagen biosynthesis by ascorbic acid: a review. Yale J Biol Med. 1985;58(6):553–559.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Wu M, Wu S, Chen W, Li YP. The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Cell Res. 2024;34(2):101–123. doi: 10.1038/s41422-023-00918-9 EDN: UIRBMF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Wu CL, Dicks A, Steward N, et al. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of human pluripotent stem cell chondrogenesis. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):362. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20598-y EDN: TUVBGM</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
