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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">637422</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc637422</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SJDUUA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Optimization of slow freeze protocol for 3D cell structures using brain organoids and chondrospheres as models</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оптимизация протокола медленной криоконсервации трёхмерных клеточных структур на примере органоидов мозга и хондросфер</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1212-8154</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1955-4313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barinova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баринова</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>barinova.anna.al@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9042</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5299-9693</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubinskaya</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубинская</surname><given-names>Полина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>polinapigeon@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8967-2318</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8654-7318</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pikina</surname><given-names>Arina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пикина</surname><given-names>Арина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>arina.pikina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1361-666X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7220-6031</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruchko</surname><given-names>Evgenii S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ручко</surname><given-names>Евгений Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ruchkoevgeny@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3428-7586</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4825-5440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremeev</surname><given-names>Artem V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремеев</surname><given-names>Артём Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>art-eremeev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр Физико-химической медицины имени академика Ю.М. Лопухина Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины имени академика Ю.М. Лопухина Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии развития имени Н.К. Кольцова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-24"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-14"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-07-23"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/637422">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/637422</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Cryopreservation is a widely used method for long-term viability preservation of cultured cells and complex cellular structures, including organoids, which serve both scientific and clinical purposes, as well as for screening applications. However, data on cryopreservation of organoids derived from differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) remain limited.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The work aimed to optimize slow freeze protocols for neural organoids derived from iPSC-differentiated cells and chondrospheres.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:<italic> </italic></bold>Neural organoids differentiated from iPSCs were cryopreserved on days 9, 14, 22, 29, and 43 using four different cryopreservation media. Post-thaw assessment included organoid integrity and size measurements, quantitative polymerase chain reaction for <italic>MAP2</italic> and <italic>NES</italic> markers, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for βIII-tubulin, MAP2, SOX2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).</p> <p>Chondrospheres were derived from human chondrocytes and cryopreserved 29 days after transition to 3D culture conditions in a solution of 82% DMEM + 10% FBS + 8% DMSO + 10 µM ROCK inhibitor Y27632 (Ri, Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor). Post-thaw IHC analysis was performed to assess the expression of chondrogenic marker proteins, including aggrecan, collagen type II, and SOX9, as well as PCNA.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Neural organoids cryopreserved between weeks 3 and 6 of differentiation retained the highest post-thaw structural integrity. Although organoid diameter decreased by 14.5% on average 1 week after thawing, size was nearly restored to the values observed on the corresponding day of differentiation for organoids not subjected to cryopreservation by week 2. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and IHC staining confirmed maintenance of neuronal phenotype 2 weeks post-thaw. Chondrospheres showed no change in diameter over 2 weeks post-thaw and exhibited 100% preservation of organoid integrity. IHC analysis confirmed the presence of chondrocytic proteins in chondrospheres 2 weeks after thawing.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Based on the study findings, the third week of differentiation was identified as the optimal stage for cryopreservation of iPSC-derived neural organoids. The cryopreservation medium composed of 82% DMEM, 10% FBS, and 8% DMSO was optimal for both neural organoids and chondrospheres.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Криоконсервация является широко применяемым методом длительного сохранения жизнеспособности культур клеток или сложных клеточных структур, включая органоиды, которые используются как для научных задач, так и в скрининговых исследованиях и клинической практике. Данных о криоконсервации органоидов на основе дифференцированных производных из индуцированных плюрипотентных стволовых клеток (ИПСК) в настоящее время недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Оптимизация протоколов медленной криоконсервации нейральных органоидов из дифференцированных производных ИПСК и хондросфер.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Нейральные органоиды, полученные из дифференцированных в нейральном направлении ИПСК человека, на 9, 14, 22, 29 и 43-и сутки подвергали криоконсервации в четырёх вариантах растворов. После размораживания оценивали целостность и размеры органоидов, выполняли количественную полимеразную цепную реакцию на нейральные маркёры <italic>МАР2</italic> и <italic>NES</italic>, а также иммуногистохимическое (ИГХ) окрашивание на бета-3-тубулин, МAP2, SOX2 и ядерный антиген пролиферирующих клеток (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA).</p> <p>Хондросферы получали из хондроцитов человека и криоконсервировали их через 29 дней после перевода в 3D-условия культивирования в растворе 82% DMEM + 10% FBS + 8% DMSO + 10 мкмоль ROCK-ингибитора Y27632 (Ri, Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor). После размораживания проводили ИГХ-анализ на экспрессию хондрогенных маркёрных белков аггрекана, коллагена II типа и SOX9, а также на PCNA.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Нейральные органоиды, замороженные на 3–6-й неделе от начала дифференцировки, показали наибольшее сохранение целостности после разморозки. Через неделю после разморозки диаметр нейральных органоидов уменьшался в среднем на 14,5%, однако ещё через неделю их размер практически достигал значений на соответствующий день дифференцировки для органоидов, не подвергавшихся криоконсервации. Количественная полимеразная цепная реакция, а также ИГХ-окрашивание показали сохранение нейрального фенотипа клетками нейральных органоидов через 2 нед после разморозки. Хондросферы в течение 2 нед после разморозки не демонстрировали изменений диаметра и показали 100% сохранение целостности органоидов. ИГХ-анализ продемонстрировал присутствие хондроцитарных белков в хондросферах через 2 нед после разморозки.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> По итогам исследования оптимальной стадией для криоконсервации нейральных органоидов на основе ИПСК можно считать 3-ю неделю от начала дифференцировки, а криопротекторный раствор 82% DMEM + 10% FBS + 8% DMSO — наиболее подходящим для заморозки. Этот раствор также подходит для криоконсервации хондросфер.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryopreservation</kwd><kwd>organoid</kwd><kwd>iPSC</kwd><kwd>differentiation</kwd><kwd>cell cultures</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криоконсервация</kwd><kwd>органоид</kwd><kwd>ИПСК</kwd><kwd>дифференцировка</kwd><kwd>культуры клеток</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This publication (the work on chondrospheres) was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 22-15-00250).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная публикация (в части работы с хондросферами) выполнена в рамках гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-15-00250.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Whaley D, Damyar K, Witek RP, et al. Cryopreservation: an overview of principles and cell-specific considerations. 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