Genes & CellsGenes & CellsГены и КлеткиGenes and Cells2313-18292500-2562Human Stem Cells Institute63185310.17816/gc631853ReviewsНаучные обзорыReview ArticleMolecular signaling of key neurotrophic factors in the brain while the occurrence of affective disordersИзменения молекулярной сигнализации ключевых нейротрофических факторов в мозге при развитии аффективных нарушенийhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1688-4045572196018578046-1515KarabanovSergey Yu.КарабановСергей Юрьевич
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Veterinary)

канд. ветеринар. наук

s.karabanov@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6934-73427063-6360KibitkinaAnastasiya A.КибиткинаАнастасия Анатольевна
Russian Federation
a.kibitkina@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4752-39398668-7770VasilevskayaEkaterina R.ВасилевскаяЕкатерина Романовна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Engineering)

канд. техн. наук

e.vasilevskaya@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3573-930X4079-2394FedulovaLiliya V.ФедуловаЛилия Вячеславовна
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences

д-р техн. наук, профессор РАН

l.fedulova@fncps.ruV.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food SystemsФедеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова Российской академии наук06092024200920241933343472105202402082024Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор2024Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/631853

The COVID-19 pandemic and the increasingly tense political situation worldwide have led to an increase in the incidence of mood disorders. The occurrence of affective disorders is usually associated with neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine; however, modern trends aim at studying the involvement of neurotrophic factors in the mechanisms of mood disorders.

This review aimed to summarize and systematize knowledge about key neurotrophic factors and the molecular mechanisms of their relationships.

The key metabolic mechanisms of proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, nerve growth factor, and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor are considered. Molecular pathways were analyzed, and a complex diagram of a multiple cascade with interconnected reactions was compiled, including each factor. Key molecular targets chosen included nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-kB) and cAMP response element-binding protein. The review also presented candidates for the role of limiting factors for these molecular targets. For the NF-kB cascade, neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) was proposed as a limiting factor, and those for the CREB cascade were intracellular phospholipase C (PLC-γ), binary molecular switches (RAS-GTP), and protein kinase B (AKT).

Пандемия COVID-19, повышение напряжённости политической обстановки, общее состояние неопределённости в современном мире привели к увеличению числа зарегистрированных случаев аффективных расстройств. Развитие аффективных нарушений принято связывать с такими нейротрансмиттерами, как серотонин и дофамин, однако современные тенденции направлены на изучение вовлечённости нейротрофических факторов в механизмы расстройства настроения.

Целью данного обзора являются обобщение и систематизация знаний о ключевых нейротрофических факторах и молекулярных механизмах их взаимосвязей.

Рассмотрены ключевые механизмы метаболизма таких белков, как нейротрофический фактор мозга (BDNF), фактор роста эндотелия сосудов (VEGF), инсулиноподобный фактор роста 1 (IGF-1), основной фактор роста фибробластов (FGF2), фактор роста нервов (NGF), нейротрофический фактор глиальной клеточной линии (GDNF). На основе анализа их отдельных молекулярных путей составлена комплексная схема множественного каскада взаимосвязанных реакций, в который включён каждый из этих белков. Выявлены ключевые молекулярные мишени — транскрипционный фактор NF-kB (ядерный фактор «каппа-би») и белок, связывающий элемент транскрипционного фактора cAMP (CREB), также в рамках обзора представлены кандидаты на роль лимитирующих факторов для данных молекулярных мишеней. Для каскада NF-kB в качестве лимитирующего фактора предложен рецептор нейротрофинов p75(NTR), для каскада CREB — внутриклеточная фосфолипаза (α-γ), бинарные молекулярные переключатели семейства родственных белков (RAS-GTP) и протеинкиназа В (AKT).

depressionmental disorderneurotrophic factorBDNFVEGFIGF-1FGF2NGFGDNFneuroregulationдепрессияпсихическое расстройствонейротрофический факторBDNFVEGFIGF-1FGF2NGFGDNFнейрорегуляцияThis article is published as part of the research topic No. FGUS-2024-0003 of the state assignment of the V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food SystemsСтатья опубликована в рамках темы НИР FGUS-2024-0003 государственного задания ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова» РАНSukhov AN. Socio-psychological analysis of the safety of various groups. Chelovek: prestuplenie i nakazanie. 2022;30(1):102–109. EDN: GRZXGP doi: 10.33463/2687-1238.2022.30(1-4).1.102-109Сухов А.Н. Социально-психологический анализ безопасности различных групп // Человек: преступление и наказание. 2022. Т. 30, № 1. С. 102–109. EDN: GRZXGP doi: 10.33463/2687-1238.2022.30(1-4).1.102-109Maksimov SA, Kotova MB, Gomanova LI, et al. Mental health of the russian federation population versus regional living conditions and individual income. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(11):5973. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20115973Maksimov S.A., Kotova M.B., Gomanova L.I., et al. Mental health of the russian federation population versus regional living conditions and individual income // Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. Vol. 20, N 11. P. 5973. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20115973World Health Organization Scientific [Internet]. Mental health and COVID-19: early evidence of the pandemic’s impact [cited 2024 April 24]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/352189/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci-Brief-Mental-health-2022.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1World Health Organization Scientific [Internet]. Mental health and COVID-19: early evidence of the pandemic’s impact. Дата обращения: 24.04.2024. Режим доступа: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/352189/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci-Brief-Mental-health-2022.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1Sekhon S, Gupta V. Mood disorder. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.Sekhon S., Gupta V. Mood disorder. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2023.Rădulescu I, Drăgoi AM, Trifu SC, Cristea MB. Neuroplasticity and depression: Rewiring the brain’s networks through pharmacological therapy (review). Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(4):1131. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.10565Rădulescu I., Drăgoi A.M., Trifu S.C., Cristea M.B. Neuroplasticity and depression: Rewiring the brain’s networks through pharmacological therapy (review) // Exp Ther Med. 2021. Vol. 22, N 4. P. 1131. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.10565Tunçel ÖK, Sarisoy G, Çetin E, et al. Neurotrophic factors in bipolar disorders patients with manic episode. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(4):985–993. doi: 10.3906/sag-1907-70Tunçel Ö.K., Sarisoy G., Çetin E., et al. Neurotrophic factors in bipolar disorders patients with manic episode // Turk J Med Sci. 2020. Vol. 50, N 4. P. 985–993. doi: 10.3906/sag-1907-70Mattson MP, Maudsley S, Martin B. BDNF and 5-HT: a dynamic duo in age-related neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Neurosci. 2004;27(10):589–594. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.001Mattson M.P., Maudsley S., Martin B. BDNF and 5-HT: a dynamic duo in age-related neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders // Trends Neurosci. 2004. Vol. 27, N 10. P. 589–594. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.001Kashirskaya EI, Loginov PV, Mavlyutova EB. Neurotrophic factors in the regulation and diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders. Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2020;15(1):48–57. EDN: ACBJAT doi: 10.17021/2020.15.1.48.57Каширская Е.И., Логинов П.В., Мавлютова Е.Б. Нейротрофические факторы в регуляции и диагностике нейродегенеративных расстройств // Астраханский медицинский журнал. 2020. Т. 15, № 1. C. 48–57. EDN: ACBJAT doi: 10.17021/2020.15.1.48.57Wang Y, Liang J, Xu B, et al. TrkB/BDNF signaling pathway and its small molecular agonists in CNS injury. Life Sci. 2024;336:122282. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122282Wang Y., Liang J., Xu B., et al. TrkB/BDNF signaling pathway and its small molecular agonists in CNS injury // Life Sci. 2024. Vol. 336. P. 122282. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122282Porter GA, O’Connor JC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime? World J Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):77–97. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.77Porter G.A., O’Connor J.C. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime? // World J Psychiatry. 2022. Vol. 12, N 1. P. 77–97. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.77Je HS, Yang F, Ji Y, et al. ProBDNF and mature BDNF as punishment and reward signals for synapse elimination at mouse neuromuscular junctions. J Neurosci. 2013;33(24):9957–9962. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0163-13.2013Je H.S., Yang F., Ji Y., et al. ProBDNF and mature BDNF as punishment and reward signals for synapse elimination at mouse neuromuscular junctions // J Neurosci. 2013. Vol. 33, N 24. P. 9957–9962. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0163-13.2013Je HS, Yang F, Ji Y, et al. Role of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) to mature BDNF conversion in activity-dependent competition at developing neuromuscular synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(39):15924–15929. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207767109Je H.S., Yang F., Ji Y., et al. Role of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) to mature BDNF conversion in activity-dependent competition at developing neuromuscular synapses // Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012. Vol. 109, N 39. P. 15924–15929. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207767109Sathyanesan M, Newton SS. Antidepressant-like effects of trophic factor receptor signaling. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:958797. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.958797Sathyanesan M., Newton S.S. Antidepressant-like effects of trophic factor receptor signaling // Front Mol Neurosci. 2022. Vol. 15. P. 958797. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.958797Correia AS, Cardoso A, Vale N. BDNF unveiled: exploring its role in major depression disorder serotonergic imbalance and associated stress conditions. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(8):2081. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082081Correia A.S., Cardoso A., Vale N. BDNF unveiled: exploring its role in major depression disorder serotonergic imbalance and associated stress conditions // Pharmaceutics. 2023. Vol. 15, N 8. P. 2081. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082081Numakawa T, Odaka H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease: beneficial effects of flavonoids for Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5719. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115719Numakawa T., Odaka H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the pathophysiology of alzheimer’s disease: beneficial effects of flavonoids for neuroprotection // Int J Mol Sci. 2021. Vol. 22, N 11. P. 5719. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115719Yu H, Chen ZY. The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011;32(1):3–11. doi: 10.1038/aps.2010.184Yu H., Chen Z.Y. The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry // Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011. Vol. 32, N 1. P. 3–11. doi: 10.1038/aps.2010.184Yang T, Nie Z, Shu H, et al. The role of BDNF on neural plasticity in depression. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020;14:82. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00082Yang T., Nie Z., Shu H., et al. The role of BDNF on neural plasticity in depression // Front Cell Neurosci. 2020. Vol. 14. P. 82. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00082You H, Lu B. Diverse functions of multiple bdnf transcripts driven by distinct bdnf promoters. Biomolecules. 2023;13(4):655. doi: 10.3390/biom13040655You H., Lu B. Diverse functions of multiple bdnf transcripts driven by distinct Bdnf Promoters // Biomolecules. 2023. Vol. 13, N 4. P. 655. doi: 10.3390/biom13040655Park CH, Kim J, Namgung E, et al. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects the vulnerability of the brain structural network. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:400. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00400Park C.H., Kim J., Namgung E., et al. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects the vulnerability of the brain structural network // Front Hum Neurosci. 2017. Vol. 11. P. 400. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00400Tan P, Xue T, Wang Y, et al. Hippocampal NR6A1 impairs CREB-BDNF signaling and leads to the development of depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology. 2022;209:108990. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108990Tan P., Xue T., Wang Y., et al. Hippocampal NR6A1 impairs CREB-BDNF signaling and leads to the development of depression-like behaviors in mice // Neuropharmacology. 2022. Vol. 209. P. 108990. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108990Caviedes A, Lafourcade C, Soto C, Wyneken U. BDNF/NF-κB signaling in the neurobiology of depression. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(21):3154–3163. doi: 10.2174/1381612823666170111141915Caviedes A., Lafourcade C., Soto C., Wyneken U. BDNF/NF-κB signaling in the neurobiology of depression // Curr Pharm Des. 2017. Vol. 23, N 21. P. 3154–3163. doi: 10.2174/1381612823666170111141915Zhivkovich M, Ermolaeva EV, Soboleva AV, et al. Brain neurotrophic factor BDNF: new data, functions and questions. Genes & cells. 2024;19(1):61–84. EDN: PSCYSM doi: 10.17816/gc623163Живкович М., Ермолаева Е.В., Соболева А.В., и др. Нейротрофический фактор мозга BDNF: новые данные, функции и вопросы // Гены и клетки. 2024. Т. 19, № 1. С. 61–84. EDN: PSCYSM doi: 10.17816/gc623163Nowacka MM, Obuchowicz E. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its role in the central nervous system: a new element in the neurotrophic hypothesis of antidepressant drug action. Neuropeptides. 2012;46(1):1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.005Nowacka M.M., Obuchowicz E. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its role in the central nervous system: a new element in the neurotrophic hypothesis of antidepressant drug action // Neuropeptides. 2012. Vol. 46, N 1. P. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.005Wang H, Yang Y, Pei G, et al. Neurotrophic basis to the pathogenesis of depression and phytotherapy. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1182666. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182666Wang H., Yang Y., Pei G., et al. Neurotrophic basis to the pathogenesis of depression and phytotherapy // Front Pharmacol. 2023. Vol. 14. P. 1182666. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182666Borzilova YuA, Boldyreva LA, Shlyk IV. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF): role in pathological processes. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2016;132(4):98–103. EDN: WJZPQH doi: 10.17116/oftalma2016132498-103Борзилова Ю.А., Болдырева Л.А., Шлык И.В. Васкулоэндотелиальные факторы роста (VEGF): роль и место в патологических процессах // Вестник офтальмологии. 2016. Т. 132, № 4. C. 98–103. EDN: WJZPQH doi: 10.17116/oftalma2016132498-103Shibuya M. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/Flt-1): a dual regulator for angiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 2006;9(4):225–231. doi: 10.1007/s10456-006-9055-8Shibuya M. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/Flt-1): a dual regulator for angiogenesis // Angiogenesis. 2006. Vol. 9, N 4. P. 225–231. doi: 10.1007/s10456-006-9055-8Matsuno H, Tsuchimine S, O’Hashi K, et al. Association between vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated blood-brain barrier dysfunction and stress-induced depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(9):3822–3832. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01618-3Matsuno H., Tsuchimine S., O’Hashi K., et al. Association between vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated blood-brain barrier dysfunction and stress-induced depression // Mol Psychiatry. 2022. Vol. 27, N 9. P. 3822–3832. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01618-3Wallensten J, Mobarrez F, Åsberg M, et al. Isoforms of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor in stress-related mental disorders: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16693. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96313-8 Corrected and republished from: Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):10210. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37259-xWallensten J., Mobarrez F., Åsberg M., et al. Isoforms of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor in stress-related mental disorders: a cross-sectional study // Sci Rep. 2021. Vol. 11, N 1. P. 16693. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96313-8 Corrected and republished from: Sci Rep. 2023. Vol. 13, N 1. P. 10210. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37259-xMaglio LE, Noriega-Prieto JA, Maroto IB, et al. IGF-1 facilitates extinction of conditioned fear. Elife. 2021;10:e67267. doi: 10.7554/eLife.67267Maglio L.E., Noriega-Prieto J.A., Maroto I.B., et al. IGF-1 facilitates extinction of conditioned fear // Elife. 2021. Vol. 10. P. e67267. doi: 10.7554/eLife.67267Levada OA, Troyan AS, Pinchuk IY. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 as a potential marker for MDD diagnosis, its clinical characteristics, and treatment efficacy validation: data from an open-label vortioxetine study. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):208. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02636-7Levada O.A., Troyan A.S., Pinchuk I.Y. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 as a potential marker for MDD diagnosis, its clinical characteristics, and treatment efficacy validation: data from an open-label vortioxetine study // BMC Psychiatry. 2020. Vol. 20, N 1. P. 208. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02636-7Wang S, Hou K, Gui S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in heat stress-induced neuroinflammation: novel perspective about the neuroprotective role of chromium. Stress Biol. 2023;3(1):23. doi: 10.1007/s44154-023-00105-1Wang S., Hou K., Gui S., et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in heat stress-induced neuroinflammation: novel perspective about the neuroprotective role of chromium // Stress Biol. 2023. Vol. 3, N 1. P. 23. doi: 10.1007/s44154-023-00105-1Arjunan A, Sah DK, Woo M, Song J. Identification of the molecular mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1): a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. Cell Biosci. 2023;13(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13578-023-00966-zArjunan A., Sah D.K., Woo M., Song J. Identification of the molecular mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1): a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases associated with metabolic syndrome // Cell Biosci. 2023. Vol. 13, N 1. P. 16. doi: 10.1186/s13578-023-00966-zSun LY, Al-Regaiey K, Masternak MM, et al. Local expression of GH and IGF-1 in the hippocampus of GHdeficient long-lived mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26(6):929–937. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.010Sun L.Y., Al-Regaiey K., Masternak M.M., et al. Local expression of GH and IGF-1 in the hippocampus of GHdeficient long-lived mice // Neurobiol Aging. 2005. Vol. 26, N 6. P. 929–937. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.010Duman CH, Schlesinger L, Terwilliger R, et al. Peripheral insulin-like growth factor-I produces antidepressant-like behavior and contributes to the effect of exercise. Behav Brain Res. 2009;198(2):366–371. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.016Duman C.H., Schlesinger L., Terwilliger R., et al. Peripheral insulin-like growth factor-I produces antidepressant-like behavior and contributes to the effect of exercise // Behav Brain Res. 2009. Vol. 198, N 2. P. 366–371. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.016Levada OA, Troyan AS. Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:38. doi: 10.1186/s12991-017-0161-3Levada O.A., Troyan A.S. Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder // Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017. Vol. 16. P. 38. doi: 10.1186/s12991-017-0161-3Westwood AJ, Beiser A, Decarli C, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and risk of Alzheimer dementia and brain atrophy. Neurology. 2014;82(18):1613–1619. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000382Westwood A.J., Beiser A., Decarli C., et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and risk of Alzheimer dementia and brain atrophy // Neurology. 2014. Vol. 82, N 18. P. 1613–1619. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000382Kimoto A, Kasanuki K, Kumagai R, et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and amyloid beta protein in Alzheimer’s disease: relationship with cognitive function. Psychogeriatrics. 2016;16(4):247–254. doi: 10.1111/psyg.12149Kimoto A., Kasanuki K., Kumagai R., et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and amyloid beta protein in Alzheimer’s disease: relationship with cognitive function // Psychogeriatrics. 2016. Vol. 16, N 4. P. 247–254. doi: 10.1111/psyg.12149Kim B, Elzinga SE, Henn R, et al. The effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;132:104541. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104541Kim B., Elzinga S.E., Henn R.E., et al. The effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer’s disease // Neurobiol Dis. 2019. Vol. 132. P. 104541. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104541Deng Z, Deng S, Zhang MR, Tang MM. Fibroblast growth factors in depression. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:60. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00060Deng Z., Deng S., Zhang M.R., Tang M.M. Fibroblast growth factors in depression // Front Pharmacol. 2019. Vol. 10. P. 60. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00060Xu YH, Zhu Y, Zhu YY, et al. Abnormalities in FGF family members and their roles in modulating depression-related molecules. Eur J Neurosci. 2021;53(1):140–150. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14570Xu Y.H., Zhu Y., Zhu Y.Y., et al. Abnormalities in FGF family members and their roles in modulating depression-related molecules // Eur J Neurosci. 2021. Vol. 53, N 1. P. 140–150. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14570Tang M, Cheng S, Wang L, et al. Decreased FGF19 and FGF21: possible underlying common pathogenic mechanism of metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in depression. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1165443. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165443Tang M., Cheng S., Wang L., et al. Decreased FGF19 and FGF21: possible underlying common pathogenic mechanism of metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in depression // Front Neurosci. 2023. Vol. 17. P. 1165443. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165443Tomé D, Dias MS, Correia J, Almeida RD. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in axons: from development to disease. Cell Commun Signal. 2023;21(1):290. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01284-0Tomé D., Dias M.S., Correia J., Almeida R.D. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in axons: from development to disease // Cell Commun Signal. 2023. Vol. 21, N 1. P. 290. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01284-0Xie Y, Su N, Yang J, et al. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):181. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7Xie Y., Su N., Yang J., et al. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease // Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020. Vol. 5, N 1. P. 181. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7Klimaschewski L, Claus P. Fibroblast growth factor signalling in the diseased nervous system. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(8):3884–3902. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0Klimaschewski L., Claus P. Fibroblast growth factor signalling in the diseased nervous system // Mol Neurobiol. 2021. Vol. 58, N 8. P. 3884–3902. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0Turner CA, Eren-Koçak E, Inui EG, et al. Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016;53:136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.003Turner C.A., Eren-Koçak E., Inui E.G., et al. Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders // Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016. Vol. 53. P. 136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.003Evans SJ, Choudary PV, Neal CR, et al. Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factor system in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(43):15506–15511. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0406788101Evans S.J., Choudary P.V., Neal C.R., et al. Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factor system in major depression // Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004. Vol. 101, N 43. P. 15506–15511. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0406788101Gaughran F, Payne J, Sedgwick PM, et al. Hippocampal FGF-2 and FGFR1 mRNA expression in major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain Res Bull. 2006;70(3):221–227. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.04.008Gaughran F., Payne J., Sedgwick P.M., et al. Hippocampal FGF-2 and FGFR1 mRNA expression in major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder // Brain Res Bull. 2006. Vol. 70, N 3. P. 221–227. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.04.008Goswami DB, Jernigan CS, Chandran A, et al. Gene expression analysis of novel genes in the prefrontal cortex of major depressive disorder subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;43:126–133. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.010Goswami D.B., Jernigan C.S., Chandran A., et al. Gene expression analysis of novel genes in the prefrontal cortex of major depressive disorder subjects // Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013. Vol. 43. P. 126–133. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.010Levy MJF, Boulle F, Steinbusch HW, et al. Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity pathways in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(8):2195–2220. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4950-4Levy M.J.F., Boulle F., Steinbusch H.W., et al. Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity pathways in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression // Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018. Vol. 235, N 8. P. 2195–2220. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4950-4Rocco ML, Soligo M, Manni L, Aloe L. Nerve growth factor: early studies and recent clinical trials. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(10):1455–1465. doi: 10.2174/1570159X16666180412092859Rocco M.L., Soligo M., Manni L., Aloe L. Nerve growth factor: early studies and recent clinical trials // Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018. Vol. 16, N 10. P. 1455–1465. doi: 10.2174/1570159X16666180412092859Minnone G, De Benedetti F, Bracci-Laudiero L. NGF and its receptors in the regulation of inflammatory response. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(5):1028. doi: 10.3390/ijms18051028Minnone G., De Benedetti F., Bracci-Laudiero L. NGF and its receptors in the regulation of inflammatory response // Int J Mol Sci. 2017. Vol. 18, N 5. P. 1028. doi: 10.3390/ijms18051028László A, Lénárt L, Illésy L, et al. The role of neurotrophins in psychopathology and cardiovascular diseases: psychosomatic connections. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2019;126(3):265–278. doi: 10.1007/s00702-019-01973-6László A., Lénárt L., Illésy L., et al. The role of neurotrophins in psychopathology and cardiovascular diseases: psychosomatic connections // J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2019. Vol. 126, N 3. P. 265–278. doi: 10.1007/s00702-019-01973-6Skaper SD. Neurotrophic factors: an overview. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1727:1–17. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_1Skaper S.D. Neurotrophic factors: an overview // Methods Mol Biol. 2018. Vol. 1727. P. 1–17. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_1Snow WM, Albensi BC. Neuronal gene targets of NF-κB and their dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci. 2016;9:118. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00118Snow W.M., Albensi B.C. Neuronal gene targets of NF-κB and their dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease // Front Mol Neurosci. 2016. Vol. 9. P. 118. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00118Lim S, Moon M, Oh H, et al. Ginger improves cognitive function via NGF-induced ERK/CREB activation in the hippocampus of the mouse. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25(10):1058–1065. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.009Lim S., Moon M., Oh H., et al. Ginger improves cognitive function via NGF-induced ERK/CREB activation in the hippocampus of the mouse // J Nutr Biochem. 2014. Vol. 25, N 10. P. 1058–1065. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.009Kucharczyk M, Kurek A, Detka J, et al. Chronic mild stress influences nerve growth factor through a matrix metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;66:11–21. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.019Kucharczyk M., Kurek A., Detka J., et al. Chronic mild stress influences nerve growth factor through a matrix metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism // Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016. Vol. 66. P. 11–21. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.019Hellweg R, Ziegenhorn A, Heuser I, Deuschle M. Serum concentrations of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in depressed patients before and after antidepressant treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;41(2):66–71. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1004594Hellweg R., Ziegenhorn A., Heuser I., Deuschle M. Serum concentrations of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in depressed patients before and after antidepressant treatment // Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008. Vol. 41, N 2. P. 66–71. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1004594Wiener CD, de Mello Ferreira S, Pedrotti Moreira F, et al. Serum levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) in patients with major depression disorder and suicide risk. J Affect Disord. 2015;184:245–248. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.067Wiener C.D., de Mello Ferreira S., Pedrotti Moreira F., et al. Serum levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) in patients with major depression disorder and suicide risk // J Affect Disord. 2015. Vol. 184. P. 245–248. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.067Zhang Y, Jiang H, Yue Y, et al. The protein and mRNA expression levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in post stroke depression and major depressive disorder. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8674. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09000-yZhang Y., Jiang H., Yue Y., et al. The protein and mRNA expression levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in post stroke depression and major depressive disorder // Sci Rep. 2017. Vol. 7, N 1. P. 8674. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09000-ySharma AN, da Costa e Silva BF, Soares JC, et al. Role of trophic factors GDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF in major depressive disorder: A comprehensive review of human studies. J Affect Disord. 2016;197:9–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.067Sharma A.N., da Costa e Silva B.F., Soares J.C., et al. Role of trophic factors GDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF in major depressive disorder: A comprehensive review of human studies // J Affect Disord. 2016. Vol. 197. P. 9–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.067Bahlakeh G, Rahbarghazi R, Mohammadnejad D, et al. Current knowledge and challenges associated with targeted delivery of neurotrophic factors into the central nervous system: focus on available approaches. Cell Biosci. 2021;11(1):181. doi: 10.1186/s13578-021-00694-2Bahlakeh G., Rahbarghazi R., Mohammadnejad D., et al. Current knowledge and challenges associated with targeted delivery of neurotrophic factors into the central nervous system: focus on available approaches // Cell Biosci. 2021. Vol. 11, N 1. P. 181. doi: 10.1186/s13578-021-00694-2Shishkina TV, Vedunova MV, Mishchenko TA, Vedunova MV. The role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the functioning of the nervous system (review). Modern Technologies in Medicine. 2015;7(4):211–220. EDN: VEEDON doi: 10.17691/stm2015.7.4.27Шишкина Т.В., Ведунова М.В., Мищенко Т.А., Мухина И.В. Роль глиального нейротрофического фактора в функционировании нервной системы (обзор) // Современные технологии в медицине. 2015. Т. 7, № 4. С. 211–220. EDN: VEEDON doi: 10.17691/stm2015.7.4.27Liu X, Li P, Ma X, et al. Association between plasma levels of BDNF and GDNF and the diagnosis, treatment response in first-episode MDD. J Affect Disord. 2022;315:190–197. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.041Liu X., Li P., Ma X., et al. Association between plasma levels of BDNF and GDNF and the diagnosis, treatment response in first-episode MDD // J Affect Disord. 2022. Vol. 315. P. 190–197. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.041Wang H, Yang Y, Pei G, Chen N. Neurotrophic basis to the pathogenesis of depression and phytotherapy. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1182666. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182666Wang H., Yang Y., Pei G., et al. Neurotrophic basis to the pathogenesis of depression and phytotherapy // Front Pharmacol. 2023. Vol. 14. P. 1182666. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182666Zinchuk MS, Guekht AB, Druzhkova TA, et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in blood serum and lacrimal fluid of patients with a current depressive episode. J Affect Disord. 2022;318:409–413. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.025Zinchuk M.S., Guekht A.B., Druzhkova T.A., et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in blood serum and lacrimal fluid of patients with a current depressive episode // J Affect Disord. 2022. Vol. 318. P. 409–413. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.025Shi Y, Luan D, Song R, Zhang Z. Value of peripheral neurotrophin levels for the diagnosis of depression and response to treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;41:40–51. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.633Shi Y., Luan D., Song R., Zhang Z. Value of peripheral neurotrophin levels for the diagnosis of depression and response to treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020. Vol. 41. P. 40–51. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.633