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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">630891</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/gc630891</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of insulin on the phosphoproteome of skeletal muscles in normal conditions and with insulin resistance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние инсулина на фосфопротеом скелетных мышц в норме и при инсулинорезистентности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6949-7391</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakupova</surname><given-names>Elmira I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якупова</surname><given-names>Эльмира Ильдаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>yakupova.mira@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3981-244X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3148-2905</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Daniil V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Даниил Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>danil-popov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации — Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-08-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>359</fpage><lpage>371</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-24"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-07"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-09-20"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/630891">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/630891</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The skeletal muscles are the main site of insulin-dependent glucose uptake, and the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscles is the main factor in the progression of insulin resistance in the whole organism. This disorder is associated with defects in the canonical insulin cascade regulating glucose uptake; however, the specific molecular mechanisms are still debatable. Global mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis appears to be an optimal approach to studying complex signaling networks.</p> <p>The review summarizes data from phosphoproteomic studies investigating changes in intracellular signaling in skeletal muscles upon insulin stimulation under normal conditions and insulin resistance. <italic>In vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> studies have shown that insulin stimulation/food intake causes large-scale changes in the phosphoproteome (hundreds of phosphosites). These changes affect not only the canonical insulin cascades but also other signaling pathways and proteins with different functions (enzymes of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, sarcomeric and mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, chaperones, etc.) and cause transcriptomic changes. Insulin resistance impairs the phosphoproteomic response to insulin; however, these changes only slightly affect the canonical insulin cascade regulating glucose uptake. The causes of impairments in insulin-dependent glucose uptake are hypothesized to be related primarily by a combination of multiple defects in various signaling molecules that regulate glucose uptake directly or indirectly; however, they are not associated with the canonical insulin cascade.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Скелетная мускулатура является главным местом инсулинозависимого поглощения глюкозы, а появление инсулинорезистентности скелетных мышц — основным фактором развития инсулинорезистентности организма. Это нарушение связывают с дефектами канонического инсулинового каскада, регулирующего захват глюкозы; при этом конкретные молекулярные механизмы до сих пор остаются предметом дискуссии. Панорамный масс-спектрометрический фосфопротеомный анализ представляется оптимальным подходом для исследования сложных сигнальных сетей.</p> <p>В обзоре обобщены данные фосфопротеомных исследований, в которых изучались изменения внутриклеточной сигнализации в скелетной мышце при стимуляции инсулином в норме и при инсулинорезистентности. Исследования <italic>in vitro</italic> и <italic>in vivo</italic> показали, что стимуляция инсулином/приём пищи вызывают масштабные изменения фосфопротеома (сотни фосфосайтов). Эти изменения затрагивают не только канонические инсулиновые каскады, но и другие сигнальные пути и множество белков, выполняющих разные функции (ферменты углеводно-жирового обмена, саркомерные и митохондриальные белки, транскрипционные факторы, шапероны и др.), а также вызывают изменения транскриптома. Инсулинорезистентность нарушает фосфопротеомный ответ на инсулин, однако эти изменения слабо затрагивают канонический инсулиновый каскад, регулирующий захват глюкозы. Обсуждается предположение, что причины нарушений инсулинозависимого захвата глюкозы вызваны главным образом комбинацией множественных нарушений в различных сигнальных молекулах, которые регулируют захват глюкозы напрямую или опосредованно, но не связаны с каноническим инсулиновым каскадом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>insulin</kwd><kwd>skeletal muscle</kwd><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>kinases</kwd><kwd>phosphorylation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инсулин</kwd><kwd>скелетная мышца</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 2-го типа</kwd><kwd>киназы</kwd><kwd>фосфорилирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, agreement № 21-75-10146</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научное исследование проведено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант РНФ №21-75-10146)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, et al. 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