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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">568125</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23868/gc568125</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>NeuroD2/6</italic> regulate expression balance of transcription factors controlling neurocortical cytoarchitecture</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title><italic>NeuroD2/6</italic> регулируют баланс экспрессии транскрипционных факторов, контролирующих цитоархитектуру коры головного мозга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6123-8181</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1417-5710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondakova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондакова</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н.</p></bio><email>elen_kondakova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-8837</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8116-0326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrish</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гавриш</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mary_gavrish@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8931-7263</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2111-8748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarabykin</surname><given-names>Viktor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарабыкин</surname><given-names>Виктор Степанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор</p></bio><email>tarabykinvictor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7769-0802</contrib-id><name><surname>Yan</surname><given-names>Kuo</given-names></name><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><email>kuo.yan@charite.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт клеточной биологии и нейробиологии, Медицинский университет Шарите</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-11-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>341</fpage><lpage>352</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-08"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-26"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-02-20"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/568125">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/568125</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold><italic>:</italic> Genes of the <italic>NeuroD</italic> family, including <italic>NeuroD1</italic>, <italic>NeuroD2</italic>, and <italic>NeuroD6</italic>, control neuronal survival, differentiation, maturation, and neurite specification in the nervous system. Deletion of <italic>NeuroD1</italic> in the mouse brain results in complete loss of dentate gyrus because of neuronal apoptosis. <italic>NeuroD2</italic> is required for neuron survival in the cerebellum and integration of thalamo-cortical connections into neocortex and formation of somatosensory whisker barrel cortex. In <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic> double deficient (DKO) mice, callosal axon projections are defective due to abnormal EfnA4 signaling. In order to investigate the NeuroD2/6 controlled molecular cascade, we explored the expression of key transcription factors that control various aspects of cortical development in brains of <italic>NeuroD2</italic> and <italic>NeuroD6</italic> deficient mutants.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><italic>: </italic>To investigate possible changes in differentiation programs downstream of NeuroD2/6 transcription factors.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold><italic>:</italic> Embryos with <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic> double deficiency were used in the experiments, and pregnant mice carrying E13.5 embryos were operated for <italic>in utero</italic> electroporation. We performed <italic>in situ</italic> hybridization at various stages of embryonic development to study the expression pattern of target genes. Analyzing the activity of a gene promoter, genomic DNA fragments containing NeuroD2/6 motifs were cloned into pMCS-Gaussia Luc vector for luciferase assays. Charts were made with GraphPad Prism software and data were presented as mean ± standard error.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><italic>:</italic> Our findings showed that NeuroD1 expression is ectopically upregulated in postmitotic neurons of <italic>NeuroD2/6 </italic>DKO neocortex and hippocampus. We detected changes in expression of key transcription factors, Cux1, Tbr1, Lhx2, and Id2. Additionally, Cux1 was shown to be direct target of NeuroD2/6. Moreover, Olig2<sup>+</sup> progenitors were increased in <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic> DKO neocortex and expression of NeuroD2/6 and Olig2 was mutually exclusive. Thus, NeuroD2/6 regulates the expression of transcription factors in the developing brain.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold><italic>:</italic> Our findings indicate that cumulative action of <italic>NeuroD2</italic> and <italic>NeuroD6</italic> is required to initiate and maintain the expression of transcription factors Cux1, Tbr1, Lhx2, and Id2. Additionally, both genes are required to prevent premature differentiation of Olig2 positive glial precursors.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Гены семейства <italic>NeuroD</italic>, включая <italic>NeuroD1</italic>, <italic>NeuroD2</italic>, <italic>NeuroD6</italic>, контролируют выживаемость, дифференцировку, созревание нейронов и формирование нейритов в нервной системе. В мозге мышей делеция <italic>NeuroD1 </italic>приводит к полной потере зубчатой извилины гиппокампа вследствие апоптоза нейронов. <italic>NeuroD2</italic> необходим для выживания нейронов в мозжечке и интеграции таламокортикальных связей в новой коре, а также для формирования соматосенсорной коры. В недавних работах авторов показано, что у мышей с двойным дефицитом <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic> аксоны мозолистого тела дефектны из-за нарушений передачи сигналов, опосредованных белком EfnA4. Для того чтобы охарактеризовать молекулярные каскады, регулируемые белками NeuroD2/6, авторы исследовали экспрессию ключевых факторов транскрипции, которые контролируют различные аспекты развития коры головного мозга у мышей с дефицитом <italic>NeuroD2</italic> и <italic>NeuroD6</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучение возможных изменений программ дифференцировки транскрипционных факторов, связанных с NeuroD2/6.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. В экспериментах использовали эмбрионы с двойным дефицитом <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic>. Генотип определяли методом полимеразной цепной реакции. Беременных мышей, несущих эмбрионы E13.5, оперировали для внутриутробной электропорации. Для изучения паттерна экспрессии генов-мишеней проводили <italic>in situ</italic> гибридизацию с синтетической РНК на разных стадиях эмбрионального развития. Для анализа активности промоторов соответствующих генов фрагменты геномной ДНК, содержащие мотивы связывания NeuroD2/6, клонировали в вектор pMCS-GL для измерения активности люциферазы. Относительные количественные данные анализировали с помощью парного одностороннего t-критерия Стьюдента. Графики сделаны с помощью программного обеспечения GraphPad Prism и представлены как среднее значение ± стандартная ошибка.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Установлено, что экспрессия NeuroD1 эктопически активируется в постмитотических нейронах неокортекса и гиппокампа в двойном нокауте <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic>. Обнаружено также, что экспрессия транскрипционных факторов Cux1, Tbr1, Lhx2, Id2 нарушена в двойном нокауте <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic>. Показано, что Cux1 является прямой мишенью NeuroD2/6. Кроме того, выявлено, что количество предшественников Olig2<sup>+</sup> увеличивается в неокортексе мышей с двойным нокаутом <italic>NeuroD2/6</italic>, а экспрессия NeuroD2/6 и Olig2 является взаимоисключающей. Таким образом, установлено, что NeuroD2/6 регулируют экспрессию нескольких факторов транскрипции в развивающемся мозге.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Кумулятивное действие обоих генов необходимо для инициации и поддержания экспрессии факторов транскрипции Cux1, Tbr1, Lhx2, Id2 и Olig2.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>NeuroD</kwd><kwd>transcription factors</kwd><kwd>ectopic expression</kwd><kwd>cerebral cortex</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>NeuroD</kwd><kwd>факторы транскрипции</kwd><kwd>эктопическая экспрессия</kwd><kwd>кора головного мозга</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation (project 22-14-00232)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научное исследование проведено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект 22-14-00232)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lodato S, Arlotta P. Generating neuronal diversity in the mammalian cerebral cortex. 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