<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">546155</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23868/gc546155</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Behavioral phenotype of C57Bl/6 mice that endured bullying during infant age period</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Поведенческий фенотип мышей линии C57Bl/6, перенёсших буллинг в инфантильном возрасте</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3231-4146</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9323-3007</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>Daria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>Дарья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dariak2294@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4402-3844</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremeeva</surname><given-names>Nina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремеева</surname><given-names>Нина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>plushka2012@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-4746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5248-7529</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Schelchkova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелчкова</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н.</p></bio><email>n.shchelchkova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8811-0049</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9377-7297</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhina</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухина</surname><given-names>Ирина Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор</p></bio><email>mukhinaiv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-10-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>353</fpage><lpage>367</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-07-14"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-02-20"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/546155">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/546155</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold><italic>: </italic>According to UNESCO data for 2018, every third student is involved in bullying. To study the impact of social conflicts on the state of the nervous system the K. Michek model of chronic social stress was used, but the study of the effects of chronic social stress on prepubertal animals has not been conducted.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><italic>:</italic> To analyze the effect of chronic stress in infant age period to the behavioral phenotype of C57Bl/6 mice in early and long-term periods.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold><italic>:</italic> The objects of the study were male C57Bl/6 mice (<italic>n</italic>=48). For bullying modeling we chose chronic social stress in infant age period from 20 to 29 postnatal day (P20–P29) according to the “resident–intruder” scheme. Mice were divided into two subgroups to study the early (P31–P35, infant age period) and long-term (P57–P74, adulthood) consequences of chronic social stress. For the behavioral phenotyping we used the following tests: “open field” test, three-chamber social test, object recognition test, passive avoidance task and Barnes maze.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><italic>:</italic> Bullying modeling led to the changes in the behavioral phenotype both in infant age and in adulthood. The behavioral phenotype in infant age period was characterized by increased social activity and recognition, high anxiety, decreased locomotor and exploratory activity, impaired recognition of inanimate objects, but good characteristics of learning, working and long-term memory. In adulthood, the behavioral phenotype of mice retained high anxiety, low level of exploratory activity, good learning and memory characteristics, decline in social recognition in three-chamber test, while the recognition of inanimate objects was preserved at the same level.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold><italic>:</italic> Chronic social stress in infant age in a mouse model of bullying causes disruption of the behavioral phenotype in infant and adult age. Features of the behavioral phenotype of mice after bullying were an increase in anxiety and social isolation against the background of the ability to learn and good memory.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. По данным ЮНЕСКО за 2018 год, каждый третий школьник оказывается вовлечённым в травлю. Для изучения влияния социальных конфликтов на состояние нервной системы используется модель хронического социального стресса, разработанная К. Мичеком и коллегами, однако исследование последствий хронического социального стресса на животных препубертатного возраста не проводилось.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучить влияние хронического социального стресса в инфантильном возрасте на поведенческий фенотип мышей линии C57Bl/6 в раннем и отдалённом периодах.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Объектом исследования являлись самцы мышей линии C57Bl/6 (<italic>n</italic>=48). Для моделирования буллинга был выбран хронический социальный стресс в инфантильном возрасте, моделировавшийся с 20- по 29-й дни постнатального развития (ПР) по схеме «резидент–интрудер». Мыши были разделены на две подгруппы для исследования ранних (31–35-й дни ПР, соответствующие инфантильному возрасту) и отдалённых (57–74-й дни ПР, соответствующие взрослому возрасту) последствий хронического социального стресса. Для поведенческого фенотипирования использовали следующие тесты: «Открытое поле», трёхкамерный тест Кроули, тест «Новый объект», условный рефлекс пассивного избегания, «Лабиринт Барнс».</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Моделирование хронического социального стресса в инфантильном возрасте (модель буллинга) у мышей приводило к изменению поведенческого фенотипа в инфантильном и взрослом возрасте. Поведенческий фенотип после перенесённого буллинга в инфантильном возрасте характеризовался повышенными социальной активностью и распознаванием, высокой тревожностью, сниженной двигательной и ориентировочно-исследовательской активностью, нарушением распознавания неживых объектов, но хорошими показателями обучения, рабочей и долговременной памяти. Во взрослом возрасте поведенческий фенотип мышей сохранял высокую тревожность, низкий уровень ориентировочно-исследовательской активности, хорошие показатели обучения и памяти, а также демонстрировал ухудшение социального распознавания в тесте Кроули при сохранности распознавания неживых объектов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Установлено, что при моделировании буллинга на мышах хронический социальный стресс в инфантильном возрасте вызывает нарушения поведенческого фенотипа как в инфантильном возрасте, так и при взрослении. Особенностью поведенческого фенотипа мышей после буллинга явилось повышение тревожности и социальной изолированности на фоне сохранения способности к обучению и памяти.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bullying</kwd><kwd>social defeat</kwd><kwd>behavior</kwd><kwd>memory</kwd><kwd>learning</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>буллинг</kwd><kwd>социальное поражение</kwd><kwd>поведение</kwd><kwd>память</kwd><kwd>обучение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This publication implemented as part of the state task N 121030100282-6</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Публикация выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 121030100282-6</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandre C, Di Lodovico L, Szöke A, Schürhoff F. Défaite sociale et schizophrénie: hypothèses, arguments, mécanismes. Encephale. 2021;47(3):238–245. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.07.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexandre C., Di Lodovico L., Szoke A., Schürhoff F. Défaite sociale et schizophrénie: hypothèses, arguments, mécanismes // Encephale. 2021. Vol. 47, N 3. P. 238–245. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.07.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armitage R. Bullying in children: impact on child health. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021;5(1):e000939. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000939</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armitage R. Bullying in children: impact on child health // BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021. Vol. 5, N 1. P. e000939. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000939</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LeMoult J, Humphreys KL, Tracy A, et al. Meta-analysis: exposure to early life stress and risk for depression in childhood and adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(7):842–855. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LeMoult J., Humphreys K. L., Tracy A., et al. Meta-analysis: exposure to early life stress and risk for depression in childhood and adolescence // J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020. Vol. 59. N 7. P. 842–855. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashuk CV, Dashuk IN. Principles of social and pedagogical organization of support groups of victims of school bullying. Science and School. 2019(2):190–197. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дашук К.В., Дашук И.Н. Принципы социально-педагогической организации групп поддержки жертв школьного буллинга // Наука и школа. 2019. Т. 2. С. 190–197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shetgiri R. Bullying and victimization among children. Adv Pediatr. 2013;60(1):33–51. doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2013.04.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shetgiri R. Bullying and victimization among children // Adv Pediatr. 2013. Vol. 60, N 1. P. 33–51. doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2013.04.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arhuis-Inca W, Ipanaqué-Zapata M, Bazalar-Palacios J, et al. Violence at school and bullying in school environments in Peru: analysis of a virtual platform. Front Psychol. 2021;11:543991. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.543991</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arhuis-Inca W., Ipanaqué-Zapata M., Bazalar-Palacios J., et al. Violence at school and bullying in school environments in Peru: analysis of a virtual platform // Front Psychol. 2021. Vol. 11, N 543991. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.543991</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher K, Cassidy B, Mitchell AM. Bullying: effects on school-aged children, screening tools, and referral sources. J Community Health Nurs. 2017;34(4):171–179. doi: 10.1080/07370016.2017.1369801</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher K., Cassidy B., Mitchell A.M. Bullying: effects on school-aged children, screening tools, and referral sources // J Community Health Nurs. 2017. Vol. 34, N 4. P. 171–179. doi: 10.1080/07370016.2017.1369801</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolke D, Lereya ST. Long-term effects of bullying. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(9):879–885. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolke D., Lereya S.T. Long-term effects of bullying // Arch Dis Child. 2015. Vol. 100, N 9. P. 879–885. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carnevali L, Montano N, Tobaldini E, et al. The contagion of social defeat stress: Insights from rodent studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;111:12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carnevali L., Montano N., Tobaldini E., et al. The contagion of social defeat stress: Insights from rodent studies // Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020. Vol. 111. P. 12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferle V, Repouskou A, Aspiotis G, et al. Synergistic effects of early life mild adversity and chronic social defeat on rat brain microglia and cytokines. Physiol Behav. 2020;215:112791. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112791</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferle V., Repouskou A., Aspiotis G., et al. Synergistic effects of early life mild adversity and chronic social defeat on rat brain microglia and cytokines // Physiol Behav. 2020. Vol. 215. P. 112791. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112791</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iñiguez SD, Riggs LM, Nieto SJ, et al. Social defeat stress induces a depression-like phenotype in adolescent male c57BL/6 mice. Stress. 2014;17(3):247–255. doi: 10.3109/10253890.2014.910650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iñiguez S.D., Riggs L.M., Nieto S.J., et al. L. Social defeat stress induces a depression-like phenotype in adolescent male c57BL/6 mice // Stress. 2014. Vol. 17, N 3. P. 247–255. doi: 10.3109/10253890.2014.910650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warren BL, Mazei-Robison MS, Robison AJ, Iñiguez SD. Can I get a witness? Using vicarious defeat stress to study mood-related illnesses in traditionally understudied populations. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;88(5):381–391. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warren B.L., Mazei-Robison M.S., Robison A.J., Iñiguez S.D. Can I get a witness? Using vicarious defeat stress to study mood-related illnesses in traditionally understudied populations // Biol Psychiatry. 2020. Vol. 88, N 5. P. 381–391. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel D, Anilkumar S, Chattarji S, Buwalda B. Repeated social stress leads to contrasting patterns of structural plasticity in the amygdala and hippocampus. Behav Brain Res. 2018;347:314–324. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel D., Anilkumar S., Chattarji S., Buwalda B. Repeated social stress leads to contrasting patterns of structural plasticity in the amygdala and hippocampus // Behav Brain Res. 2018. Vol. 347. P. 314–324. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kinsey SG, Bailey MT, Sheridan JF, et al. Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21(4):458–466. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.11.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinsey S.G., Bailey M.T., Sheridan J.F., et al. Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice // Brain Behav Immun. 2007. Vol. 21, N 4. P. 458–466. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.11.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsumoto K, Takata K, Yamada D, et al. Juvenile social defeat stress exposure favors in later onset of irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms in male mice. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16276. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95916-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsumoto K., Takata K., Yamada D., et al. Juvenile social defeat stress exposure favors in later onset of irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms in male mice // Sci Rep. 2021. Vol. 11, N 1. P. 16276. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95916-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mancini GF, Marchetta E, Pignani I, et al. Social defeat stress during early adolescence confers resilience against a single episode of prolonged stress in adult rats. Cells. 2021;10(2):360. doi: 10.3390/cells10020360</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mancini G.F., Marchetta E., Pignani I., et al. Social defeat stress during early adolescence confers resilience against a single episode of prolonged stress in adult rats // Cells. 2021. Vol. 10, N 2. P. 360. doi: 10.3390/cells10020360</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao T, Gao XL, Huang GB. Effects of chronic social defeat stress on behavior and dopamine receptors in adolescent mice with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;12:731373. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.731373</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao T., Gao X.L., Huang G.B. Effects of chronic social defeat stress on behavior and dopamine receptors in adolescent mice with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex // Front Behav Neurosci. 2021. Vol. 15. P. 731373. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.731373</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanson JL, Williams AV, Bangasser DA, Peña CJ. Impact of early life stress on reward circuit function and regulation. Front Psychiatry. 2021;15:744690. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744690</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanson J.L., Williams A.V., Bangasser D.A., Peña C.J. Impact of early life stress on reward circuit function and regulation // Front Psychiatry. 2021. Vol. 12. P. 744690. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744690</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore SE, Norman RE, Suetani S, et al. Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Psychiatry. 2017;7(1):60–76. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore S.E., Norman R.E., Suetani S., et al. Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis // World J Psychiatry. 2017. Vol. 7, N 1. P. 60–76. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y, Deng SL, Li LX, et al. A circuit from dorsal hippocampal CA3 to parvafox nucleus mediates chronic social defeat stress-induced deficits in preference for social novelty. Sci Adv. 2022;8(8):eabe8828. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8828</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y., Deng S.L., Li L.X., et al. A circuit from dorsal hippocampal CA3 to parvafox nucleus mediates chronic social defeat stress-induced deficits in preference for social novelty // Sci Adv. 2022. Vol. 8, N 8. P. eabe8828. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8828</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dere E, Ronnenberg A, Tampe B, et al. Cognitive, emotional and social phenotyping of mice in an observer-independent setting. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2018;150:136–150. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dere E., Ronnenberg A., Tampe B., et al. Cognitive, emotional and social phenotyping of mice in an observer-independent setting // Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2018. Vol. 150. P. 136–150. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franzen M, de Jong PJ, Veling W. Victims of bullying: emotion recognition and understanding. Front Psychol. 2021;12:729835. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729835</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franzen M., de Jong P.J., Veling W. Victims of bullying: emotion recognition and understanding // Front Psychol. 2021. Vol. 12. P. 729835. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729835</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poon K. Understanding risk-taking behavior in bullies, victims, and bully victims using cognitive-and emotion-focused approaches. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1838. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01838</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poon K. Understanding risk-taking behavior in bullies, victims, and bully victims using cognitive-and emotion-focused approaches // Front Psychol. 2016. Vol. 7. P. 1838. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01838</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hollis F, Kabbaj M. Social defeat as an animal model for depression. ILAR J. 2014;55(2):221–232. doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilu002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hollis F., Kabbaj M. Social defeat as an animal model for depression // ILAR J. 2014. Vol. 55, N 2. P. 221–232. doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilu002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guy A, Lee K, Wolke D. Comparisons between adolescent bullies, victims, and bully-victims on perceived popularity, social impact, and social preference. Front Psychiatry. 2019:10:868. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00868</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guy A., Lee K., Wolke D. Comparisons between adolescent bullies, victims, and bully-victims on perceived popularity, social impact, and social preference // Front Psychiatry. 2019. Vol. 10. P. 868. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00868</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jonides J, Lewis RL, Nee DE, et al. The mind and brain of short-term memory. Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:193–224. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093615</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jonides J., Lewis R.L., Nee D.E., et al. The mind and brain of short-term memory // Annu Rev Psychol. 2008. Vol. 59. P. 193–224. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093615</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russo SJ, Murrough JW, Han MH, et al. Neurobiology of resilience. Nat Neurosci. 2012;15(11):1475–1484. doi: 10.1038/nn.3234</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russo S.J., Murrough J.W., Han M.H., et al. Neurobiology of resilience // Nat Neurosci. 2012. Vol. 15, N 11. P. 1475–1484. doi: 10.1038/nn.3234</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denninger JK, Smith BM, Kirby ED. Novel object recognition and object location behavioral testing in mice on a budget. J Vis Exp. 2018;(141):e58593. doi: 10.3791/58593</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denninger J.K., Smith B.M., Kirby E.D. Novel object recognition and object location behavioral testing in mice on a budget // J Vis Exp. 2018. N 141. P. e58593. doi: 10.3791/58593</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaillancourt T, Duku E, Becker S, et al. Peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and high salivary cortisol predict poorer memory in children. Brain Cogn. 2011;77(2):191–199. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.06.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaillancourt T., Duku E., Becker S., et al. Peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and high salivary cortisol predict poorer memory in children // Brain Cogn. 2011. Vol. 77, N 2. P. 191–199. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.06.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medeiros W, Torro-Alves N, Malloy-Diniz LF, Minervino CM. Executive functions in children who experience bullying situations. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1197. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01197</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medeiros W., Torro-Alves N., Malloy-Diniz L.F., Minervino C.M. Executive functions in children who experience bullying situations // Front Psychol. 2016. Vol. 7. P. 1197. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01197</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lagace DC, Donovan MH, DeCarolis NA, et al. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is functionally important for stress-induced social avoidance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(9):4436–4441. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910072107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lagace D.C., Donovan M.H., DeCarolis N.A., et al. J. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is functionally important for stress-induced social avoidance // Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010. Vol. 107, N 9. P. 4436–4441. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910072107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Sh, He L, Huang AJY, et al. A hypothalamic novelty signal modulates hippocampal memory. Nature. 2020;586(7828):270–274. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2771-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Sh., He L., Huang A.J.Y., et al. A hypothalamic novelty signal modulates hippocampal memory // Nature. 2020. Vol. 586, N 7828. P. 270–274. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2771-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blaser R, Heyser C. Spontaneous object recognition: a promising approach to the comparative study of memory. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:183. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blaser R., Heyser C. Spontaneous object recognition: a promising approach to the comparative study of memory // Front Behav Neurosci. 2015. Vol. 9. P. 183. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young-Jones A, Fursa S, Byrket JS, Sly JS. Bullying affects more than feelings: the long-term implications of victimization on academic motivation in higher education. Social Psychol Educ. 2015;18(1):185–200. doi: 10.1007/s11218-014-9287-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young-Jones A., Fursa S., Byrket J.S., Sly J.S. Bullying affects more than feelings: the long-term implications of victimization on academic motivation in higher education // Social Psychol Educ. 2015. Vol. 18, N 1. P. 185–200. doi: 10.1007/s11218-014-9287-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
