Genes & CellsGenes & CellsГены и КлеткиGenes and Cells2313-18292500-2562Human Stem Cells Institute54606210.23868/gc546062ReviewsНаучные обзорыReview ArticleSphingomyelinases as modulators of synaptic transmissionСфингомиелиназы как модуляторы синаптической передачиhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7540-28278153-6800GafurovaChulpan R.ГафуроваЧулпан Рамилевна
Russian Federation
gafurova7090@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-34557543-0918PetrovAlexey M.ПетровАлексей Михайлович
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor

д.б.н., доцент

alexey.petrov@kazangmu.ruKazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Science Centre of the Russian Academy of SciencesКазанский институт биохимии и биофизики — обособленное структурное подразделение Казанского научного центра Российской академии наукKazan State Mediсal UniversityКазанский государственный медицинский университетKazan Federal UniversityКазанский федеральный университет09102023151220231842552671307202305092023Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор2023Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/546062

The brain has a high content of sphingomyelin, which is involved in the formation of plasma membranes and myelin, and is also an important for the organization of membrane microdomains (lipid rafts). Lipid rafts, as well as derivatives of sphingomyelin hydrolysis (ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate), are vital for synaptic transmission and its regulation. One of the main pathways to control the level of sphingomyelin and its derivatives is cleavage of membrane sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinases.

Sphingomyelinases are localized inside the cell (in association with the plasma membrane, in lysosomes, endosomes, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum) as well as can be secreted into the extracellular space. The levels and activity of sphingomyelinases significantly increase under the action of various stressful stimuli (including inflammation). At the same time, sphingomyelinase activity deficiency causes diseases with severe neurological manifestations.

In the present review, we summarized the data on the currently known effects of acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases on pre- and postsynaptic processes, as well as about the synaptic localization of sphingomyelinases. In addition, a brief analysis of possible synaptic dysfunction due to hypo- or hyperfunction of sphingomyelinases in a number of neurological diseases is given. Thus, sphingomyelinases are considered as important modulators of synaptic transmission at the pre- and postsynaptic levels in normal and pathological conditions.

В мозге высоко содержание сфингомиелина, который участвует в формировании плазматических мембран и миелина, а также важен для организации мембранных микродоменов (липидных рафтов). Липидные рафты, как и производные гидролиза сфингомиелина (церамид, сфингозин, сфингозин-1-фосфат), важны для осуществления и регуляции синаптической передачи. Одним из основных путей контроля уровня сфингомиелина и его производных является расщепление мембранного сфингомиелина сфингомиелиназами.

Сфингомиелиназы локализуются внутри клетки (в связи с плазматической мембраной, в лизосомах, эндосомах, комплексе Гольджи и эндоплазматической сети), а также секретируются во внеклеточное пространство. Концентрация и активность сфингомиелиназ существенно увеличивается при действии различных стрессовых стимулов (в том числе воспаления). При этом дефицит сфингомиелиназ вызывает тяжёлые заболевания с выраженными неврологическими проявлениями.

В представленном обзоре мы обобщили данные об известных на сегодняшний день эффектах кислых и нейтральных сфингомиелиназ на пре- и постсинаптические процессы, а также о синаптической локализации сфингомиелиназ. Отдельно приведён краткий анализ возможных синаптических нарушений вследствие гипо- или гиперфункции сфингомиелиназ при ряде патологий нервной системы. Таким образом, сфингомиелиназы рассматриваются как важные модуляторы синаптической передачи на пре- и постсинаптических уровнях в норме и при патологии.

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