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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Genes &amp; Cells</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены и Клетки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Genes and Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1829</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2500-2562</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Human Stem Cells Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">321225</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23868/gc321225</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Tumor cell-free DNA detection-based liquid biopsy of plasma and bile in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a pilot study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Жидкостная биопсия плазмы и желчи с выявлением внеклеточной опухолевой ДНК при протоковой аденокарциноме поджелудочной железы: пилотное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6594-8113</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3783-4441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Jain</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джайн</surname><given-names>Марк</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>jain-mark@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-3008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atayan</surname><given-names>David  P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атаян</surname><given-names>Давид Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>d.atayan@ihospital.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4601-3478</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhmatullin</surname><given-names>Tagir  I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахматуллин</surname><given-names>Тагир Ирекович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tagir.rakhmatullin@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6381</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dakhtler</surname><given-names>Tatyana  E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дахтлер</surname><given-names>Татьяна Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>t.dakhtler@ihospital.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3300-7076</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1245-1005</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Pavel  A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Павел Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>p.popov@ihospital.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-9569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Pavel  P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ким</surname><given-names>Павел Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.kim@ihospital.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-8997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gontareva</surname><given-names>Julia  V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гонтарева</surname><given-names>Юлия Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>y.gontareva@ihospital.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-3989</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5404-6202</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samokhodskaya</surname><given-names>Larisa  M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самоходская</surname><given-names>Лариса Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>slm@fbm.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-7604</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4487-1663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav  I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>v.egorov@ihospital.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-7545</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6609-5468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamalov</surname><given-names>Armais  A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалов</surname><given-names>Армаис Альбертович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>priemnaya@mc.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical Scientific and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский научно-образовательный центр Московского государственного университета имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Joint Stock Company “Ilyinsky Hospital”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Акционерное общество «Ильинская больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-05-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-09"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-03-15"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Jain M., Atayan D.P., Rakhmatullin T.I., Dakhtler T.E., Popov P.A., Kim P.P., Gontareva J.V., Samokhodskaya L.M., Egorov V.I., Kamalov A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Джайн М., Атаян Д.П., Рахматуллин Т.И., Дахтлер Т.Е., Попов П.А., Ким П.П., Гонтарева Ю.В., Самоходская Л.М., Егоров В.И., Камалов А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Jain M., Atayan D.P., Rakhmatullin T.I., Dakhtler T.E., Popov P.A., Kim P.P., Gontareva J.V., Samokhodskaya L.M., Egorov V.I., Kamalov A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Джайн М., Атаян Д.П., Рахматуллин Т.И., Дахтлер Т.Е., Попов П.А., Ким П.П., Гонтарева Ю.В., Самоходская Л.М., Егоров В.И., Камалов А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-05-28"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/321225">https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/321225</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>INTRODUCTION</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Plasma liquid biopsy with tumor cell-free DNA detection is one of the most promising technologies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma diagnosis. Due to low levels of this biomarker in plasma its detectability turns out to be lower than expected. However, some patients with this disease present with biliary obstruction, which enables collection of bile for tumor cell-free DNA analysis.</p> <p><bold><italic>THE AIM</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> To comparison of diagnostic potential of cell-free tumor DNA detection-based liquid biopsy of plasma and bile in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIAL AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The pilot study included 15 primary untreated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with biliary obstruction. Cell-free DNA was isolated from 5 mL of plasma and 5 mL of bile. Tumor cell-free DNA detection was performed using digital droplet PCR with <italic>KRAS</italic> gene mutations analysis: G12A, G12C, G12D, G12R, G12S, G12V, G13D и Q61H (183A&gt;C), Q61H (183A&gt;T), Q61K, Q61L, Q61R. False-positive droplets threshold was established during the analysis of plasma cell-free DNA samples from 15 healthy volunteers.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Tumor cell-free DNA was detected in 13 out of 15 bile samples, whereas among paired plasma samples only 9 were positive. All plasma positive samples had a paired positive bile sample. Tumor cell-free DNA levels were statistically significantly higher in bile than in plasma: 538.0 (4.1–1960.0) vs. 4.4 (0–27.6) copies/mL (<italic>p</italic>=0.005).</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Bile liquid biopsy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with biliary obstruction is a promising alternative to plasma analysis, due to higher concentrations of tumor cell-free DNA.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Жидкостная биопсия плазмы по внеклеточной опухолевой ДНК является одной из наиболее перспективных диагностических технологий при протоковой аденокарциноме поджелудочной железы, однако ввиду низкой концентрации данного биомаркёра в плазме его выявляемость оказывается ниже ожидаемой. В то же время у ряда пациентов с данным заболеванием наблюдаются нарушения оттока желчи, при которых возможно взятие этого уникального биоматериала для анализа.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — сравнение диагностического потенциала жидкостной биопсии по внеклеточной опухолевой ДНК желчи и плазмы у пациентов с протоковой аденокарциномой.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. В пилотное исследование включены 15 пациентов с впервые выявленной протоковой аденокарциномой поджелудочной железы и нарушениями оттока желчи. Внеклеточную ДНК выделяли из 5 мл плазмы и 5 мл желчи. Анализ внеклеточной опухолевой ДНК проводили с использованием цифровой капельной ПЦР по мутациям гена <italic>KRAS</italic> G12A, G12C, G12D, G12R, G12S, G12V, G13D и Q61H (183A&gt;C), Q61H (183A&gt;T), Q61K, Q61L, Q61R. Порог ложноположительных капель определяли при анализе внеклеточной ДНК, выделенной из плазмы 15 здоровых добровольцев.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. В образцах желчи внеклеточная опухолевая ДНК была выявлена у 13 из 15 пациентов, в то время как среди образцов плазмы положительными оказались лишь 9 из 15. Причём не было ни одного случая, когда бы она выявлялась в плазме, но не в соответствующем образце желчи. Уровни опухолевой ДНК в желчи были статистически значимо выше, чем в плазме: 538,0 (4,1–1960,0) против 4,4 (0–27,6) копий/мл (<italic>p</italic>=0,005).</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Жидкостная биопсия желчи у пациентов с нарушениями её оттока может служить многообещающей альтернативой плазме благодаря содержанию большего количества внеклеточной опухолевой ДНК в данном биоматериале.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liquid biopsy</kwd><kwd>cell-free DNA</kwd><kwd>digital droplet PCR</kwd><kwd>pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma</kwd><kwd>bile</kwd><kwd>tumor DNA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>жидкостная биопсия</kwd><kwd>внеклеточная ДНК</kwd><kwd>цифровая капельная ПЦР</kwd><kwd>протоковая аденокарцинома поджелудочной железы</kwd><kwd>желчь</kwd><kwd>опухолевая ДНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the state assignment of Medical Research and Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного задания Медицинского научно-образовательного центра Московского государственного университета имени М.В. 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